1. Fertility transition, as denned by Easterlin, is the combined process of fertility decline and the shift to deliberate fertility control. See “Modernization and fertility,” in Bulatao, R. A. and Lee, R. D. (eds.), Determinants of Fertility in Developing Countries (New York: Academic Press, 1983), Vol. 2, p. 565.Google Scholar

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12. In Xizang Tibet Autonomous Region, Tibetan nationalities account for about 95 per cent of the total population in this autonomous region. We leave out Xizang from our general analysis because demographic data for Xizang are not available.

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17. Ibid. Vol. 28, No. 40, pp. 7–8.

18. Ibid. Vol. 29, No. 22, pp. 18–26.

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29. Roughly speaking, the worker category mainly includes those working in a factory, shop, or other service involving physical labour; cadre refers to government employees, such as officials, teachers, doctors and managers, etc.; housewife refers to women with no formal work outside the home.

30. An index of overall fertility (F_i) is created. This is:

F_i = D_ij * R_ij

Where i = age cohort

j = educational or occupational categories (as used in In log-linear models above)

Djj=percentage distribution of cohort i category j

Rjj=ratio of mean parity for cohort i category j to reference (see Tables 1 and 2).

By using the index, overall fertility levels of the different age cohorts can be compared directly. Here, the ratios for the 50+ cohort have been chosen as the “standard” schedule and the educational (occupational) distributions are multiplied by that “standard.” The resulting FiS are then compared with that of the 50+ cohort. Differences between FiS for the 50+ cohort and standardized F;S for the other age cohorts are estimated for six province groups respectively, which can be regarded as the net impact of distributional changes on overall fertility.

31. For example, Susan H. Cochrane, “Effects of education and urbanization on fertility,” in Determinants of Fertility in Developing Countries; J. Caldwell, Theory of Fertility Decline.

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40. For decades, the government policy stressed universal employment, but low and equal wages, see Muqiao, Xue, “Guanyu gongzi wenti de tanhua” (“Talk on the problem of wages”), in Dangqian woguo jingji wenti (Current Economic Problems in Our Country) (Beijing: People’s Press, 1980), pp. 122–38.Google Scholar

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42. Author’s personal experience.

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47. In 1984, 660,000 rural old people were provided with pensions, another 240,000 were living in a jin lao yuan (old people’s home). See Zhu Chuanyi, “It is an urgent task to establish a social security system for the rural elders,” in Laonian wenti yanjiu ziliao (Research Information on Problem of Ageing), No. 54, November 1985.

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52. For instance, Liu Junzhe, “The impact of old age security on family planning,” in Xibei renkou (North-west Population), No. 1 (1984); also see Beijing Review, Vol. 26, No. 28(1983).

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64. The 1982 census shows that in Shanghai about 21 per cent of families had three or more generations living together which made Shanghai among the highest third nationally. 10 Per cent Sampling Tabulation on the 1982 Population Census of the PRC.

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78. G. McNicoll, “Institutional determinants of fertility change,” in Determinants of Fertility Trends: Theory Re-Examined, Proceeding of a seminar in Band Homburg, April 1980, pp. 149–67.

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94. Arnold and Liu, “Sex preference.”

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96. It refers to the early 20th century here.

97. See Xing Long, “Shanxi jindai renkou gao xingbili jiqi houguo” (“High sex ratio and its consequences in modern Shanxi province”), in Renkou yanjiu (Population Research), No. 5, 1986.

98. Griffith Feeney and Yu Jingyuan, “The effect of son preference on fertility in China,” paper presented at the 1986 annual meeting of the Population of America, San Francisco, April 1986.

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111. Hu Huangyong and Zhang Shanyu, Population Geography of China, p. 342.

112. Yie Wenzhen, “Silun qiaoqu dui renkou kongzhi de libi” (“On the advantages and disadvantages of population control in areas where there is a large proportion of families with overseas relatives”), in Fujian renkou (Fujian Population) (1983), pp. 24–29.

113. Elena S. H. Yu, “Overseas remittances in south-eastern China,” The China Quarterly, No. 78 (June 1979), pp. 339–50.

114. For instance, the second child is commonly allowed for those couples where both or one spouse is an overseas Chinese in almost all provinces in the 1980s.

115. Ye Wenzhen, “On the advantages and disadvantages of population control.”