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5. See Hsia, T. A., “Appendix: Taiwan,” in Hsia, C. T., A History of Modern Chinese Fiction, 1917–1957 (New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 1961), pp. 509–11.Google Scholar

6. For a complete translation into English see, Chen, Durham S. F., “Chapters on national fecundity, social welfare, education and health and happiness by Chiang Kai-shek as supplements to lectures on the Principle of People's Livelihood,”Google Scholar in Yat-sen, Sun, The Three Principles of the People. San Min Chu I (Taibei: China Publishing Co., undated).Google Scholar

7. Ibid. p. 303.

8. Pinguang, Peng and Xiao, Hu (eds.), Zhongguo wenyi nianjian, 1966 (China Literature and Art Yearbook, 1966) (Taibei: Pingyuan chubanshe, 1966), p. 44.Google Scholar

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10. Ibid. pp. 57–72.

11. See Lau, Joseph S. M., “The concepts of time and reality in modern Chinese fiction,” Tamkang Review, Vol. 4, No. 1 (04 1973), p. 29Google Scholar; Wen-li, Mei, “The intellectuals on Formosa,” The China Quarterly (07/09, 1963), pp. 69–70Google Scholar; and, Lancashire, , “Popeye and the case of Guo Yidong,” pp. 677–82.Google Scholar

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15. Lady Chatterley's Lover was the subject of a case heard in the Old Bailey in 1960. As the book was deemed to have literary and moral qualities, it was subsequently released for sale.

16. The story, which reads like a dream sequence, concerns the love of a young painter for a beautiful, experienced woman, 10 years his senior, whom he has met while convalescing by the sea. There is much quoting, in English, of Burns, Wordsworth and Coleridge Taylor by the lovers. After a night of love the woman drowns herself rather than face the prospect of losing her lover to a younger woman. Some readers may be embarrassed by 10 or 11 lines in the novella, but by western standards, it is fairly innocuous.

17. Su Xuelin, poet, fiction writer, essayist and critic, was born in Taiping, Anhui in 1897. After graduating from Peking Women's Higher Normal School she went to France to study Fine Arts. Upon her return to China in 1925, she taught Chinese literature at various universities before becoming professor of Chinese literature at Wuhan University in 1931. She held this post until 1949 after which she went first to Hong Kong, then Paris, and finally to Taiwan where she joined the staff of Taiwan Normal University. She became professor of Chinese literature at Chenggong University in 1955, but left in 1965 to join the staff at Nanyang University. Su Xuelin is particularly noted for her scholarly studies of Tang poetry and comparative mythology.

18. See Qi, Sun, “You Xin suo shijian xilun Taiwan wenyijie de fengqi” (“An explanation of the literary climate in Taiwan based on The Lock of the Heart affair”), in Zhiliang, Yu (ed.), Xin suo zhi lunzhan (The Lock of the Heart Controversy) (Taibei: Wu zhou chubanshe, 1963), p. 24.Google Scholar

19. Ibid. p. 148.

20. Guo Lianghui was born in the province of Shandong in the late 1920s. During the war she went to junior middle school in Xi'an. She was at the time introduced to Xie Bingying, a woman writer of comparable stature to Su Xuelin, by her Chinese-language teacher who felt Guo Lianghui showed great promise as a writer. Guo's first work of fiction, entitled, Yin meng (Silver Dream) came off the press in 1954, since when a steady stream of novels and collections of short stories have issued from her pen.

21. The China Youth Corps was established by Jiang Jingguo in 1952 in order to train young people for the move back to the mainland.

22. See Sun Qi, and Junxiong, Wang, “Xin suo shijian de laizong qumo” (“The beginning and subsequent development of The Lock of the Heart affair”), Yazhou huabao (Asia Pictorial), No. 124Google Scholar; reprinted in Zhiliang, Yu, The Lock of the Heart Controversy, pp. 137–38.Google Scholar

23. Mei, Ai (ed.), Zhongguo nü zuojia shujian (Letters by Chinese Women Writers) (Taibei: Pingyuan chubanshe, 1965), p. 123.Google Scholar

24. Ibid.

25. Cante, David, Collisions. Essays and Reviews, (London: Quartet Books, 1974), p. 3.Google Scholar

26. Lianghui, Guo, Xin suo (The Lock of the Heart) (Gaoxiong: Da ye shudian, 1962), 3rd edit., pp. 370–80.Google Scholar

27. Ibid. pp. 379–80.

28. Ibid. p. 378.

29. Lee, Leo Ou-fan, “‘Modernism’ and ‘Romanticism’ in Taiwan Literature,” in Faurot, Jeanette L. (ed.), Chinese Fiction from Taiwan. Critical Perspectives (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1980), p. 30.Google Scholar

30. Hough, Graham, “On Lady Chatterley's Lover,” in Hamalian, Leo (ed.), D. H. Lawrence. Contemporary Studies in Literature (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973), p. 104.Google Scholar

31. Ibid. p. 105.

32. Lianghui, Guo, The Lock of the Heart, p. 20.Google Scholar

33. See Zhongnan, Mu, “Yige fanchang xianxiang: Xin suo shijian” (“An unusual phenomenon—The Lock of the Heart affair”), Wen tan (Literature Forum) No. 40 (10 1963)Google Scholar; reprinted in Zhiliang, Yu, The Lock of the Heart Controversy, p. 71.Google Scholar

34. Ibid.

35. Jizhong, Yu, “‘Wen xie’ bu ying bianwei yazhi ziyou sixiang de liliang” (“The association of Literature and Art must not become a force for the suppression of free thought”), Asia Pictorial, No. 124Google Scholar; reprinted in Zhiliang, Yu, The Lock of the Heart Controversy, p. 147.Google Scholar

36. Ibid.

37. Xuelin, Su, “Ping liangben huangse xiaoshuo Jiangshan meiren yu Xin suo”Google Scholar (“A review of two yellow novels, The Beauty of Jiangshan and The Lock of the Heart”), reprinted in Zhiliang, Yu, The Lock of the Heart Controversy, p. 13.Google Scholar

38. Ibid.

39. Ibid. p. 17.

40. Xie Bingying, essayist, fiction writer, and feminist, was born in Xinhua, Hunan, in 1906. After attending several schools for girls, she entered the Central Military and Political Academy in Wuhan in 1926, received military training and joined the Revolutionary Army during the Northern Expedition. She came to prominence as a writer when she wrote an account of her experiences in the army. She subsequently studied western literature in Japan; wrote; edited literary supplements, and lectured on contemporary Chinese literature in Beijing. She arrived in Taiwan in 1948 and taught at Taiwan Normal University.

41. Bingying, Xie, “Gei Guo Lianghui nüshi de yifeng gongkai xin” (“An open letter to Miss Guo Lianghui”), Ziyou qingnian (Free Youth), No. 337Google Scholar; reprinted in Zhiliang, Yu, The Lock of the Heart Controversy, pp. 4–5.Google Scholar

42. See Qi, Sun and Junxiong, Wang “Development of The Lock of the Heart Affair,” p. 140.Google Scholar

43. Tian, Long, “Wenyiquan zhong yi da shi” (A Matter of Great Importance in Literary Circles”), Asia Pictorial, No. 124Google Scholar, and You shi wenyi (Young Lions' Literature), Vol. 18, No. 5, (05 1963)Google Scholar; reprinted in Yu Zhiliang, The Lock of the Heart Controversy, p. 163.Google Scholar

44. Ibid.

45. Lianghui, Guo, “Wo bu zhongshi Xin suo he Wen xie hui jie”Google Scholar (“I do not attach much importance to The Lock of the Heart nor to my membership of the China Association of Literature and Art”), Yu Zhiliang, The Lock of the Heart Controversy, p. 176.Google Scholar

46. Guangyu, Zhao, “Diule suoshi de Xin suo. Fang nü zuojia, Guo Lianghui, tan xiezuo yu rensheng” (“The Lock of the Heart which has lost its key. An interview with the woman writer, Guo Lianghui, on writing and life”), Zili wanbao (Independence Evening Post), 3 05 1963)Google Scholar; reprinted in Yu Zhiliang, The Lock of the Heart Controversy, p. 44.Google Scholar

47. Ibid. 45.

48. Ibid.

49. Ibid.

50. Ibid.

51. Ibid. p. 46.

52. See Lü, Shi, “Zai tan Xin suo shijian”Google Scholar (“More on The Lock of Heart affair”), Asia Pictorial No. 12 (?) (a possible misprint here); reprinted in Yu Zhiliang, The Lock of the Heart Controversy, p. 150Google Scholar; and, Qizi, Zhou, “‘Fou, fou, fou’ sange zi” (“Three words: no! no! no!”), letter to Zhang Guoxing of Asia Pictorial, dated 8 07 1963Google Scholar; reprinted in Yu Zhiliang, The Lock of the Heart Controversy, p. 151.Google Scholar

53. See Tian, Long, “A matter of great importance,” pp. 163–65.Google Scholar

54. Qi, Sun and Junxiong, Wang “Development of the Lock of the Heart affair,” p. 139.Google Scholar

55. Jiang Shijiang, born in Chongqing in 1899, first made his name with a travelogue entitled, Yelang youcong (Traveller in Yelang), written in 1936 and published in Nanjing xin min bao. He has since written novels, short stories and essays.

56. Shijiang, Jiang, “‘Wen xie’ zhuxiao Guo Lianghui huijie mianmianguan”Google Scholar (“A comprehensive analysis of the revocation of Guo Lianghui's membership of the China Association of Literature and Art”); reprinted in Yu Zhiliang, The Lock of the Heart Controversy, p. 65.Google Scholar

57. Zhang Shuhan, born in Beijing in 1930, has at least 11 novels and five collections of short stories to her credit. She is said to write in a refreshing style and with considerable insight. One of her novels, Feicui tianyuan (Kingfisher Pastures) describes the lives of the peasantry during the Japanese occupation of Taiwan and after the island's restoration to China.

58. Guo Sifen, born in Sichuan in 1919, joined the army during the Sino-Japanese War, but on coming to Taiwan he joined the navy and devoted himself to the culture movements in the armed forces. He was subsequently assigned to the Taiwan Provincial Government's Information Office.

59. Shijiang, Jiang, “A comprehensive analysis,” p. 66.Google Scholar

60. Ibid.

61. See Xinhuang, Liu, “Guanyu Xinsuo de liu wenti” (On the six problems of The Lock of the Heart”), Wen tan (Literature forum) No. 41 (11 1963)Google Scholar; reprinted in Yu Zhiliang, The Lock of the Heart Controversy, p. 88.Google Scholar

62. See China Literature, p. 160.Google Scholar

63. Jizhong, Yu,” ‘Wen xie’ bu ying bianwei yazhi ziyou sixiang de liliang”Google Scholar (The China Association of Literature and Art Must Not Become a Force for the Suppression of Free Thought”), Asia Pictorial, No. 124; reprinted in Yu Zhiliang, The Lock of the Heart Controversy, p. 147.Google Scholar

64. Ibid.

65. Ibid. p. 148.

66. Ding Ling, novelist and short-story writer, was born in Changde, Hunan, in 1907. She gained fame in the 1920s for her vivid and frank description of the young bourgeois intellectual confronted with the proletarian experience. She joined the Communist Party after her husband, the writer, Hu Yepin, was executed by the Kuomintang in 1931. She became an important leader of and contributor to the Party-sponsored literary world. She received the Stalin Prize for literature in 1951 for her novel, Taiyang zhao zai Sangganhe shang (The Sun Shines over the Sanggan River). Ding Ling was accused in the mid 1950s of rejecting party guidance, of fostering cliquism and of promoting capitalist-individualist thought. She was sentenced to hard labour and served for some time as a cleaning woman in the headquarters of the Writers' Association in Beijing. She has been rehabilitated since the fall of “the gang of four.”

67. Guoxing, Zhang, “Wo dui Xin suo shijian de yijian”Google Scholar (“My views on The Lock of the Heart affair”), Asia Pictorial, No. 132; reprinted in Yu Zhiliang, The Lock of the Heart Controversy, p. 19.Google Scholar

68. Guoxing, Zhang, “Falü yu zhengyi”Google Scholar(“The law and justice”), Asia Pictorial, No. 124; reprinted in Yu Zhiliang, The Lock of the Heart Controversy, pp. 131–33.Google Scholar

69. Article 11 of the Constitution reads, “The People shall have freedom of speech, teaching, writing and publication.” See China Year Book, 1972–1973, p. 732.Google Scholar

70. Shi Lü states that this is Article 15 of the Constitution, whereas it is Article 23.

71. Lü, Shi “More on The Lock of the Heart affair,” pp. 149–50.Google Scholar

72. Yin, Xiao, “Xin suo wenti de mianmianguan”Google Scholar (“A comprehensive analysis of The Lock of the Heart affair”), Literature Forum, No. 41 (November 1963); reprinted in Yu Zhiliang. The Lock of the Heart Controversy, p. 50.Google Scholar

73. Ibid.

74. Ibid. p. 59.

75. Ibid. p. 60.

76. Ibid. p. 61.

77. Ibid.

78. Ibid. p. 62.

79. Lin Shicun, also known as Nan Guo, was born in Hunan province in 1914. He joined the army and rose to be a Colonel. His first novel, Tuoniao (The Ostrich) was published by Asia Press in Hong Kong in 1953. Diyi lian qu (Song of First Love), published in Hong Kong in 1955, won the Literary Awards Committee's literature award; and his Qiao fu (The Resourceful Woman) won the 1959 Ministry of Education's literature award.

80. Wang Lan, novelist and painter, was born in Tianjin in 1922. He was educated at Qinghua Fine Arts College and National Yunnan University. In 1946 he became member of the City Council of Tianjin. In Taiwan he became a delegate to the National Assembly; executive director of the China Chapter, International P.E.N.; chairman of Chinese Watercolourists Association, and one of the directors of the China Association of Literature and Art. He has headed cultural missions; lectured in the University of Hawaii, and exhibited his watercolours in the United States. His novel, Lan yu hei (The Blue and the Black), became a bestseller and has been translated into Korean and German.

81. Hou Xikai was born in Yunnan in 1917, but spent many years in Malaya before going to Taiwan in 1959. He has written about the problems that attend mixed marriages between Chinese and Malayan, and about customs, religions, and the life of the Chinese in Malaya.

82. Shi Fan, woman novelist, has written many novels, the first being Meiyou zouwan de lu (The Never-ending Road) which examines the bewilderment of young people in a changing society.

83. Shicura, Lin, “Zhide zhongshi de wenti” (“Questions deserving some attention”), Asia PictorialGoogle Scholar, No. 124; reprinted in Yu Zhiliang, The Lock of the Heart Controversy, p. 158.Google Scholar

84. Ibid. p. 159.

85. Ibid.

86. Zhongnan, Mu, “An unusual phenomenon,” p. 70.Google Scholar

87. Although, strictly speaking, “New Wave” was a term used to describe the films produced by the French during this period, in Taiwan it came to mean anything, in the arts, that was different in style and technique or which was more sexually outspoken than in the past.

88. Zhongnan, Mu. “An unusual phenomenon,” p. 75.Google Scholar

89. Ibid. p. 77.

90. Ibid.

91. Presumably in the manner of the poet-statesman, Qu Yuan (343–277 BC) who drowned himself when his warnings to his sovereign went unheeded.

92. Dream of the Red Chamber is a popular romance written in the vernacular by Xueqin, Cao (1715–1764).Google Scholar

93. Jin Ping Mei, named after its three main female characters, is a 16th-century novel by an unknown author. It is famous for its erotic descriptions.

94. Liu Xinhuang, poet, novelist, essayist and literary theorist, was born in Henan province in 1916. His first work of fiction, Si di (The Execution Ground) was published in 1936. A collection of short stories came off the press in 1953, and yet another in 1956. He has at least six collections of modern poems to his credit as well as 12 collections of essays and eight works on literary theory and literary criticism.

95. Yu Dafu, novelist, essayist, poet and translator was born in Zhejiang province in 1896. He was one of the founder-members of the Creation Society in 1921. He was strongly influenced by the romantic movement and his work is highly subjective and autobiographical. He was killed by the Japanese in Sumatra in 1942.

96. Xinhuang, Liu, “On the six problems,” p. 85.Google Scholar

97. These were programmes organized by the General Political Department of the Ministry of National Defence as a means of encouraging enlisted men to use their off-duty hours in healthy and creative pursuits. Many writers in Taiwan started their writing career while in the armed forces. See Lancashire, , “Concord and Discord”, pp. 129–37, 323–66.Google Scholar

98. Sifen, Guo, “Cong chuangzuo guandian kan ‘xin’ yu Xin suo” (“A look at “new”Google Scholar and The Lock of the Heart from the creative point of view”), Zuopin (Publications), Vol. 4, No. 8; reprinted in Yu Zhiliang, The Lock of the Heart Controversy, p. 101.Google Scholar

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101. Ibid.

102. Ibid.

103. “Reform-Mobilize-Combat” meant reviewing current literary work and reforming it. It meant being conscious of the duty of literary work during an anti-communist period, and it meant drawing up plans for the development of literary work after the mainland had been recovered. The slogan originated with Chiang Kai-shek at a conference for representatives of the China Youth Corps in Taibei, 25–27 December, 1961, and was subsequently discussed at a special seminar organized by the China Association of Literature and Art. See Young Lions' Literature, Vol. 16, Nos. 1 and 2 (01 and 02 1962)Google Scholar; and Yu Zhiliang, The Lock of the Heart Controversy, p. 125.Google Scholar

104. hui, Wen xie, “A public statement,” p. 174.Google Scholar

105. Mei, Ai, Letters by Chinese Women Writers, pp. 124–25, 127.Google Scholar

106. Lianghui, Guo, “I do not attach much importance to The Lock of the Heart,” pp. 176–80.Google Scholar

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108. Hsia, , “Appendix: Taiwan,” pp. 522–23.Google Scholar

109. Communication from Lianghui, Guo, 16 04, 1984.Google Scholar

110. The Translator's Foreword in Lianghui, Guo, Taibei Women, (English trans, by Tung, Constantine) (Hong Kong: Kuo Liang Hui New Enterprise Co., Ltd., 1983), p. X.Google Scholar

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