Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T14:11:35.626Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

From Two Camps to Three Worlds: The Party Worldview in PRC Textbooks (1949–1966)*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 September 2013

Miin-ling Yu
Miin-ling Yu*
Affiliation:
Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica, Taiwan. Email: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The worldview as reflected in the textbooks of the People's Republic of China during 1949–1966 centred on Party-led nationalism, anti-imperialism and anti-colonialism. This article emphasizes both the continuities and changes in nationalist ideology during the Republican and Maoist periods. First, textbooks in Maoist China presented the imperialist powers as shifting away from Britain, Russia and Japan under the KMT government and towards the United States (since 1949) and the Soviet Union (since the 1960s), and emphasized class struggle. Second, the CCP had far greater control over the production of textbooks than the KMT. In this sense, the CCP truly carried out “partified” (danghua) education, a goal shared by the KMT which it never had the ability to achieve. In addition, “the language of Cultural Revolution” appeared with the outbreak of the Korean War. In other words, the education that cultivated revolutionary successors began in the early 1950s.

Keywords

textbooknationalismsocialist campthe third worldimperialismcolonialismMaoist China
Type
Articles
Information
The China Quarterly , Volume 215 , September 2013 , pp. 682 - 702
Copyright
Copyright © The China Quarterly 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

The author would like to thank Sally Paine, Kuisong Yang, Marilyn Young and Peter Zarrow for their valuable comments.

References

Adamson, Bob. 2004. China's English: A History of English in Chinese Education. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Althusser, Louis. 1971. “Ideology and ideological state apparatuses.” In Louis, Althusser, Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays. New York: Monthly Review Press, 127–186.Google Scholar
Beijing shifan daxue waiwenxi (ed.). 1960. “Tovarishch Mao Tsze-dun o tom, chto imperialism I vse reaktsionnye element – bumazhnye tigry” (Comrade Mao Zedong on imperialism and all reactionary elements are paper tigers). In Jiunian yiguanzhi shiyong keben: Eyu (From First Grade through Ninth Grade School System, Trial Textbook: Russian) (vol. 13). Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe, 27–30.Google Scholar
“Bianji dayi” (The gist of editing). 1950. In Chuji zhongxue yuwen keben (Chinese for Junior High School). Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Chen, Guangzu, and Cai, Di (eds.). 1950. Chuzhong shijie dili keben (World Geography for Junior High School). Beijing: Xinhua shudian.Google Scholar
Chen, Qi (ed.). 2003. Jiaoshi jiaoxue yongshu: shijie lishi jiunianji (Teaching Reference Book for Teacher of 9th Grade World History) (vol. 2). Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Chen, Yuan (ed.). 1950; 1951; 1953. Chuzhong waiguo dili (Foreign Geography for Junior High School). Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Chuji zhongxue keben: shijie dili (Junior High School: World Geography) (vol. 4). 1961. Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Chuzhong shijie lishi (World History for Junior High School). 1955; 1960 (5th ed.). Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Chuzhong shijie lishi. 1963. Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Chuzhong shijie lishi (vol. 2). 2002. Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Culp, Robert J. 2007a. Articulating Citizenship: Civic Education and Student Politics in Southeastern China, 1912–1940. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Culp, Robert J. 2007b. “‘Weak and small peoples’ in a ‘Europeanizing world’: world history textbooks and Chinese intellectuals' perspectives on global modernity.” In Hon, Tze-ki and Culp, Robert J. (eds.), The Politics of Historical Production in Late Qing and Republican China. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 211–245.Google Scholar
Dai, Botao. 1985. Dai Botao jiaoyu wenxuan (Dai Botao's Selected Works on Education). Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Dongbei renmin zhengfu jiaoyubu (ed.). 1951. Chuji zhongxue jiaokeshu: shijie dili (Junior High School: World Geography). Shenyang: Dongbei xinhua shudian.Google Scholar
Feng, Zhi. 1951. “Malingshu jiachong han miju” (Potato bugs and sweet oranges). In Chuji zhongxue keben: yuwen (Junior High School: Chinese) (vol. 3). Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe, 82–90.Google Scholar
Fu, Jianming. 2004. Jiaokeshu jiazhiquxiang yanjiu (Study on the Value Orientation in the Textbooks). Beijing: Zhongguo shehui chubanshe.Google Scholar
Fu, Qixun (trans.). 1951. Zidong gongchang (Automatic Factory) (vol. 4). Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe, 139–146.Google Scholar
Gaoji zhongxue keben: shijie xiandaishi (Senior High School: World Modern History). 1963. Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Gaoxiao keben: suanshu (Upper Primary School: Arithmetic) (vol. 4). 1959. Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe.Google Scholar
“Guanyu chuban zhongxue xiaoxue shifan youeryuan keben jiaocai jiaoke cankaoshu han gongnongbing funü keben jiaocai de guiding de zhishi [3 July 1954]” (Directive on publishing textbooks, teaching materials and teaching reference books for middle schools, primary schools, teacher school, kindergartens workers, peasants, soldiers and women). 1999. Zhonghua renmin gongheguo chuban shiliao (PRC Historical Materials of Publication) (vol. 6). Beijing: Zhongguo shuji chubanshe, 359–364.Google Scholar
Guillen, Nicolas. 1962. “Meiguolao, gunhuiqu!” (Yankees, go home!). In Shinianzhi xuexiao chuzhong keben (shiyongben): yuwen (Junior High School Textbook for Ten-year School System (Trial): Chinese) (vol. 5). Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe, 105–106.Google Scholar
Hansen, Mette H. 1999. Lessons in Being Chinese: Minority Education and Ethnic Identity in Southwest China. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Heine, Heinrich 1963. “Nulichuan” (Slave boat). In Gaoxiao yuwen (Chinese for Upper Primary School) (vol. 4). Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe, 65–69.Google Scholar
Jin, Canran. 1950. “Zhongxue dili jiaobenzhong de jige zhengzhi sixiang wenti” (Some political thought problems in the geography textbook for middle school), Renmin ribao, 3 May.Google Scholar
Jones, Alisa. 2005. “Changing the past to serve the present: history education in mainland China.” In Vickers, Edward and Jones, Alisa (eds.), History Education and National Identity in East Asia. London and New York: Routledge, 65–100.Google Scholar
Li, Chunwu (ed.). 1953. “Chubanzhe dehua” (Publisher's words). In Sulian xiandaishi (Soviet Modern History). Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Li, Qinggang. 2006. “Dayuejin” shiqi “jiaoyu keming” yanjiu (Research on the “Education Revolution” during the Great Leap Forward). Beijing: Zhonggong zhongyang dangxiao chubanshe.Google Scholar
Lin, Biao. 1965. “Renmin zhanzheng shengli wansui” (Long live the victory of the people's war). Hongqi 10, 1–28.Google Scholar
Liu, Liangmo. 1950a. “Luoboxun” (Robeson). In Chuji zhongxue yuwen keben (Chinese for Junior High School) (vol. 1). Beijing: Xinhua shudian, 108–112.Google Scholar
Liu, Liangmo. 1950b. “Meiguo de heiren” (The blacks in America). In Chuji zhongxue yuwen keben (Chinese for Junior High School) (vol. 1). Beijing: Xinhua shudian, 113–17.Google Scholar
Liu, Yu. 2010. “Maoist discourse and the mobilization of emotions in revolutionary China.” Modern China 36(3), 329–362.Google Scholar
“Lu Dingyi zaiquanguo Xinhua shudian chuban gongzuo huiyishang de bimuci [9 October 1949]” (Lu Dinyi's closing speech at the national conference of Xinhua publishing work). 1995. In Zhongguo chubankexue yanjiusuo and Zhongyang dang'anguan (ed.), Zhonghua renmin gongheguo chuban shiliao (PRC Historical Materials of Publication) (vol. 1). Beijing: Zhongguo shuji chubanshe, 441–46.Google Scholar
Mao, Dun. 1952. “Boluo ‘mengmian qiangdao’ de mianju” (Peeling off the mask of “masked bandits”). In Gaozhong yuwen keben (Chinese for Senior High School) (vol. 6). Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe, 48–53.Google Scholar
Mao, Zedong. 1960. “Diguozhuyi han yiqie fandongpai doushi zhilaohu” (Imperialism and all reactionaries are paper tigers). In Gaoxiao yuwen keben (Chinese Textbook for Upper Primary School) (vol. 4). Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe, 1–2.Google Scholar
Mao, Zedong. 1999a [1957]. “Zai Mosike gongchandang he gongrendang daibiao huiyishang de jianghua [18 November 1957]” (Talk in Moscow at the conference of Communist and Labour Party representatives). In Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi (ed.), Mao Zedong wenji (Collected Works of Mao Zedong) (vol. 7). Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 321–335.Google Scholar
Mao, Zedong. 1999b [1974]. “Guanyu sange shijie huafen wenti [22 February 1974]” (On the problem of dividing the three worlds). In Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi (ed.), Mao Zedong wenji (Collected Works of Mao Zedong) (vol. 8). Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 441–42.Google Scholar
“Mao zhuxi huijian liuSu xuesheng” (Chairman Mao meets students studying in the Soviet Union). 1958. In Chuzhong keben: yuwen (Junior High School: Chinese) (vol. 3). Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe, 67–69.Google Scholar
Meng, Yongqian. 1958. “Woguo xiaomai zongchanliang yadao Meiguo” (Total production of wheat for China surpasses the US). In Chuzhong keben: yuwen (Junior High School: Chinese) (vol. 6). Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe, 26–31.Google Scholar
Qu, Qiubai. 1951. “Meiguo de zhenzheng beiju” (A true American tragedy). In Chuji zhongxue yuwen keben (Chinese for Junior High School) (vol. 6). Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe, 122–24.Google Scholar
Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe. 1951a. “Jingda gefangmian duiyu jiaokeshu de piping” (Responding to all the criticisms of the textbooks), Renmin ribao, 18 February.Google Scholar
Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe. 1951b. “Yuwen kebenli de aiguozhuyi neirong – da Jiang Shanye xiansheng” (Patriotism in Chinese language textbooks – responding to Mr Jiang Shanye), Renmin ribao, 21 April.Google Scholar
“Priem predsedatelem Mao Tsze-Dunom predsedatelei 8 stran Latinskoi Ameriki” (Chairman Mao Zedong's reception of 8 representatives from Latin America). 1963. In Shinianzhi xuexiao gaozhong keben: Eyu (Senior High School Textbook for Ten-Year School System: Russian) (vol. 2). Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe, 45–47.Google Scholar
Ridley, Charles Price, Godwin, Paul H. and Doolin, Dennis J.. 1971. The Making of a Model Citizen in Communist China. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press.Google Scholar
“Sambo.” 1965. In Chuzhong yingyu keben (English for Junior High School) (vol. 5). Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe, 50–52.Google Scholar
“Sangbo” (Sambo). 1964. In Gaoxiao yuwen (Chinese for Upper Primary School) (vol. 2). Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe, 98–100.Google Scholar
Shang, Jinlin (ed.). 2005. Ye Shangtao nianpu changbian (Ye Shangtao's Detailed Chronicle) (vol. 3). Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Shen, Changhong. 1950. Chuji zhongxue waiguo lishi keben (Foreign History for Junior High School). Beijing: Xinhua shudian.Google Scholar
Shen, Zhihua (ed.). 2007. ZhongSu guanxi shigang (An Outline History of Sino-Soviet Relations). Beijing: Xinhua chubanshe.Google Scholar
Shijie xiandaishi (World Modern History). 1960. Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Song, Yunbin. 2002. Hongchen lengyan (A Critical Look at the Mundane World). Taiyuan: Shanxi renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Vickers, Edward. 2009. “Selling ‘socialism with Chinese characteristics,’ ‘thought and politics’ and the legitimisation of China's developmental strategy.” International Journal of Educational Development 29, 523–531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Enjue. 1928. Xinshidai shijieshi jiaokeshu (New Epoch World History Textbook). Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan.Google Scholar
Wang, Zhijiu (ed.). 1956. Chuzhong keben: shijie lishi (Junior High School: World History) (vol. 2). Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Wu, Luping, and Li, Longgeng (eds.). 2001. 20 shiji Zhongguo zhongxiaoxue kecheng biaozhun jiaoxue dagang huibian/lishijuan (Collection on the Standard Teaching Outline for the Curricula of Primary and Middle Schools in the 20th Century History Volume). Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe.Google Scholar
“Xiangwenshen kaipao” (Open fire at the Plague God). 1964. In Gaoxiao yuwen (Chinese for Upper Primary School) (vol. 1). Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe, 95–98.Google Scholar
Yan, Feng (trans.). 1952. “Ershi shiji niandaiji” (On the 20th century). In Chuji zhongxue yuwen keben (Chinese for Junior High School) (vol. 6). Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe, 91–104.Google Scholar
Yan, Ping, and Zhang, Wen (eds.). 2009. Minguo shiqi xiaoxue yuwen jiaokeshu pingjie (Introduction and Evaluation of Chinese Textbooks during the Republican Era). Beijing: Yuwen chubanshe.Google Scholar
Yang, Shengmao, and Li, Chunwu (eds.). 1957. Gaoji zhongxue keben: shijie jindai xiandaishi (Modern and Contemporary World History for Senior High School) (vol. 2) (3rd ed.). Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Yang, Yao (ed.). 1991. Zhongguo jinxiandai zhongxiaxue dili jiaoyushi (Modern and Contemporary Chinese Geographic Education History of Primary and Middle Schools) (vol. 2). Xian: Shanxi renmin jiaoyu chubanshe.Google Scholar
“Yaoyou xianming de aiyuhen” (Must have clear-cut love and hatred). 1962; 1965. In Gaoxiao yuwen keben (Chinese for Upper Primary School) (vol. 9). Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe, 101–02.Google Scholar
Ying, Manrong (ed.). 1957. Chuji zhongxue keben: yingwen (Junior High School: English) (vol. 1). Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Yu, Miinling. 2005. “Learning from the Soviet Union: CPC publicity and its effects – a study centered on the Sino-Soviet Friendship Association.” Social Sciences in China XXVI(2), 100–111.Google Scholar
Yu, Miinling. Forthcoming. “‘Great Leader’ vs. ‘Enemy of People’: molding Chiang Kai-shek's image in the propaganda war between the KMT and the CCP, 1945–1949.” In Huang, Tzu-Chin, Pan, Kuang-Che and Chen, San-Ching (eds.), Chiang Kai-shek and the Formation of Modern China. Taipei: Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica.Google Scholar
“Zai Meiguo, you yige haizi beishasile” (In America, a kid was killed). 1960. In Gaoxiao: yuwen keben (Upper Primary School: Chinese) (vol. 4). Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe, 69–77.Google Scholar
Zhao, Suisheng. 1998. “A state-led nationalism: the patriotic education campaign in post-Tiananmen China.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 31(3), 287–302.Google Scholar
Zheng, Chang (ed.). 1932. Xin Zhonghua waiguo dili (New China Foreign Geography). Shanghai: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar
“Zhongyang xuanchuanbu guanyu shieryue ji yiyue gongzuo qingkuang xiang Mao Zedong de baogao [23 February 1949]” (Report of Central Propaganda Department to Mao Zedong on working conditions in December and January). 1996. In Zhongyang xuanchuanbu bangongting and Zhongyang dang'anguan (ed.), Zhongguo gongchandang xuanchuan gongzuo wenxian xuanbian (Selected Documents from CCP's Propaganda Work) (vol. 2, 1937–1949). Beijing: Xuexi chubanshe, 799–802.Google Scholar
Zou, Taofen. 1950. “Zai Yaerda” (In Yalta). In Chuji zhongxue yuwen keben (Chinese for Junior High School (vol. 2). Beijing: Xinhua shudian, 149–155.Google Scholar