Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T03:38:56.419Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

What do young people worry about? A systematic review of worry theme measures of teen and preteen individuals

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2020

Marcin Owczarek
Affiliation:
1School of Psychology, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
Grainne McAnee
Affiliation:
2The Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
Donal McAteer
Affiliation:
1School of Psychology, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
Mark Shevlin*
Affiliation:
1School of Psychology, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
*
Author for correspondence: Mark Shevlin, Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Excessive worry can negatively influence one’s developmental trajectories. In the past 70 years, there have been studies aimed towards documenting and analysing concerns or ‘worries’ of teen and preteen individuals. There have been many quantitative and qualitative approaches established, suggesting different themes of contextual adolescent worry. With the hopes of future clinical utility, it is important to parse through these studies and gather what is currently known about what teens and preteens worry about and what is the state of methods used to gather that knowledge. Studies were searched for using Web of Science, PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus and ScienceDirect databases and selected on systematic criteria. Data regarding the country in which the study took place, participants, methods of collection, worry themes and conclusions and limitations were extracted. Data were synthesised in a narrative fashion. It was concluded that currently available methods of measuring themes of adolescent worry face certain problems. Themes of worry differ substantially between the studies, with the exception of school performance seeing stable high endorsement across cultures and ages. Issues with ordering worry themes and implications for future understanding of adolescent and preadolescent worry are discussed.

Type
Review Article
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adolescent Health Program. (1987). The adolescent health survey. University of Minnesota.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3d ed., rev.). American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Ang, R. P., Chong, W. H., Huan, V. S., & Yeo, L. S. (2007). Validation of the Adolescent Concerns Measure (ACM): Evidence from exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Adolescence, 42(166), 221–40.Google ScholarPubMed
Billett, R. O., & Starr, I. S. (1956). Billett-Starr youth problems inventory. World Book.Google Scholar
Borca, G., Bina, M., Keller, P. S., Gilbert, L. R., & Begotti, T. (2015). Internet use and developmental tasks: Adolescents’ point of view. Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 4958.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borkovec, T. D. (1994). The nature, functions, and origins of worry. In Davey, G. C. L. & Tallis, F. (Eds.), Wiley series in clinical psychology. Worrying: Perspectives on theory, assessment and treatment (pp. 5–33). John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Brosschot, J. F., Gerin, W., & Thayer, J. F. (2006). The perseverative cognition hypothesis: A review of worry, prolonged stress-related physiological activation, and health. Journal of psychosomatic research, 60(2), 113124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chorpita, B. F., Tracey, S. A., Brown, T. A., Collica, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (1997). Assessment of worry in children and adolescents: An adaptation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(6), 569581.Google ScholarPubMed
D’Andrea, M. (1994). The concerns of Native American youth. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 22(3), 173181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davey, G. C., & Levy, S. (1998). Internal statements associated with catastrophic worrying. Personality and Individual Differences, 26(1), 2132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davey, G. C., & Wells, A. (2006). Worry and its psychological disorders: Theory, assessment and treatment. John Wiley & Sons.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dasen, P. (1994). Culture and cognitive development from a Piagetian perspective. In Lonner, W.J. & Malpass, R.S. (Eds.), Psychology and culture. Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar
Dugas, M. J., Freeston, M. H., Ladouceur, R., Rhéaume, J., Provencher, M., & Boisvert, J. M. (1998). Worry themes in primary GAD, secondary GAD, and other anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 12(3), 253261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fisher, E., Keogh, E., & Eccleston, C. (2017). Everyday worry in adolescents with and without chronic pain: A diary study. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 22(7), 800807.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freeman, D., Bird, J. C., Loe, B. S., Kingdon, D., Startup, H., Clark, D. M., … & Lister, R. (2019). The Dunn worry questionnaire and the paranoia worries questionnaire: New assessments of worry. Psychological Medicine, 50(5), 771780.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, I. A. (1991). Areas of concern and sources of advice for Israeli adolescents. Adolescence, 26(104), 967976.Google ScholarPubMed
Gillis, M. M., Haaga, D. A., & Ford, G. T. (1995). Normative values for the Beck Anxiety Inventory, Fear Questionnaire, Penn State Worry Questionnaire, and Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 7(4), 450455.Google Scholar
Gladstone, G. L., Parker, G. B., Mitchell, P. B., Malhi, G. S., Wilhelm, K. A., & Austin, M. P. (2005). A Brief Measure of Worry Severity (BMWS): Personality and clinical correlates of severe worriers. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19(8), 877892.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gosselin, P., Dugas, M. J., Ladouceur, R., & Freeston, M. H. (2001). Evaluation of worry: Validation of a French translation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. L’Encephale, 27(5), 475484.Google ScholarPubMed
Hopko, D. R., Reas, D. L., Beck, J. G., Stanley, M. A., Wetherell, J. L., Novy, D. M., & Averill, P. M. (2003). Assessing worry in older adults: confirmatory factor analysis of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire and psychometric properties of an abbreviated model. Psychological Assessment, 15(2), 173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joormann, J., & Stöber, J. (1997). Measuring facets of worry: A LISREL analysis of the Worry Domains Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 23(5), 827837.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, W. E. (2004). A brief measure of general worry: The Three Item Worry Index. North American Journal of Psychology, 6(2), 219226.Google Scholar
Kertz, S. J., Lee, J., & Björgvinsson, T. (2014). Psychometric properties of abbreviated and ultra-brief versions of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 26(4), 11461154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lackner, J. M., & Quigley, B. M. (2005). Pain catastrophizing mediates the relationship between worry and pain suffering in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(7), 943957.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levy, D., Benbenishty, R., & Refaeli, T. (2012). Life satisfaction and positive perceptions of the future among youth at-risk participating in Civic-National Service in Israel. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(10), 20122017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lim, Y. J., Kim, Y. H., Lee, E. H., & Kwon, S. M. (2008). The Penn State worry questionnaire: Psychometric properties of the Korean version. Depression and Anxiety, 25(10), E97-E103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marshall, A. J., Evanovich, E. K., David, S. J., & Mumma, G. H. (2018). Separating common from unique variance within emotional distress: An examination of reliability and relations to worry. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 46(5), 633638.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNicol, M. L., & Thorsteinsson, E. B. (2017). Internet addiction, psychological distress, and coping responses among adolescents and adults. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 20(5), 296304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., & Fresco, D. M. (2005). Preliminary evidence for an emotion dysregulation model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(10), 12811310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the penn state worry questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(6), 487495.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Millar, R., & Gallagher, M. (1996). Validity studies the “Things I Worry about” Scale: Further developments in surveying the worries of postprimary school pupils. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 56(6), 972994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millar, R., Gallagher, M., & Ellis, R. (1993). Surveying adolescent worries: Development of the ‘Things I Worry About’ scale. Pastoral Care in Education, 11(1), 4351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molina, S., & Borkovec, T. D. (1994). The Penn State Worry Questionnaire: Psychometric properties and associated characteristics. In Davey, G. C. L. & Tallis, F. (Eds.), Wiley series in clinical psychology. Worrying: Perspectives on theory, assessment and treatment (pp. 265283). John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2010). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. International Journal of Surgery, 8(5), 336341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muris, P., Meesters, C., Merckelbach, H., Sermon, A., & Zwakhalen, S. (1998). Worry in normal children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(7), 703710.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Meesters, C., & van den Brand, K. (2002). Cognitive development and worry in normal children. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(6), 775787.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owens, M., Stevenson, J., Hadwin, J. A., & Norgate, R. (2012). Anxiety and depression in academic performance: An exploration of the mediating factors of worry and working memory. School Psychology International, 33(4), 433449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pintner, R., & Lev, J. (1940). Worries of school children. The Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology, 56(1), 6776.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabner, J., Mian, N. D., Langer, D. A., Comer, J. S., & Pincus, D. (2017). The relationship between worry and dimensions of anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 45(2), 124138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roemer, L., Molina, S., & Borkovec, T. D. (1997). An investigation of worry content among generally anxious individuals. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185(5), 314319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sahin, N., & Sahin, N. (1995). Dimensions of concerns: The case of Turkish adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 18(1), 4969.Google Scholar
Schutz, R. E. (1958). Patterns of personal problems of adolescent girls. Journal of Educational Psychology, 49(1), 144149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sibrava, N. J., & Borkovec, T. D. (2006). The cognitive avoidance theory of worry. Worry and its Psychological Disorders: Theory, Assessment and Treatment, 1, 239256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverman, W. K., La Greca, A. M., & Wasserstein, S. (1995). What do children worry about? Worries and their relation to anxiety. Child Development, 66(3), 671686.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Starcevic, V., Berle, D., Milicevic, D., Hannan, A., Lamplugh, C., & Eslick, G. D. (2007). Pathological worry, anxiety disorders and the impact of co-occurrence with depressive and other anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(8), 10161027.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suarez, L., & Bell-Dolan, D. (2001). The relationship of child worry to cognitive biases: Threat interpretation and likelihood of event occurrence. Behavior Therapy, 32(3), 425442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed). Allyn & Bacon.Google Scholar
Tallis, F. (1989). Worry: A cognitive analysis [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Royal Holloway, University of London.Google Scholar
Tully, P. J., Cosh, S. M., & Baune, B. T. (2013). A review of the affects of worry and generalized anxiety disorder upon cardiovascular health and coronary heart disease. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 18(6), 627644.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vasey, M. W., Crnic, K. A., & Carter, W. G. (1994). Worry in childhood: A developmental perspective. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 18(6), 529549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Violato, C. (1996). An evaluation of competing structural models of adolescents’ concerns: Chi-squared, fit indices, and parsimony. Psychological Reports, 79(3), 859863.Google ScholarPubMed
Violato, C., & Holden, W. B. (1988). A confirmatory factor analysis of a four-factor model of adolescent concerns. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 17(1), 101113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vossen, H. G., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2016). Do social media foster or curtail adolescents’ empathy? A longitudinal study. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 118124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wells, A. (2006). The metacognitive model of worry and generalised anxiety disorder. In Davey, G. C. L. & Wells, A. (Eds.), Worry and its psychological disorders: Theory, assessment and treatment (pp. 179199). Wiley Publishing.Google Scholar
Wells, A., Welford, M., Fraser, J., King, P., Mendel, E., Wisely, J., Knight, A., & Rees, D. (2008). Chronic PTSD treated with metacognitive therapy: An open trial. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 15(1), 8592.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2018). International classification of diseases for mortality and morbidity statistics (11th Revision). https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en Google Scholar
Woodward, L. J., & Fergusson, D. M. (2001). Life course outcomes of young people with anxiety disorders in adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(9), 10861093.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, R., Dagnan, D., & Jahoda, A. (2016). Leaving school: A comparison of the worries held by adolescents with and without intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 60(1), 921.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhong, J., Wang, C., Li, J., & Liu, J. (2009). Penn State Worry Questionnaire: Structure and psychometric properties of the Chinese version. Journal of Zhejiang University Science, 10(3), 211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed