Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T10:35:22.376Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

I Wish the Views Were Clearer: Children's Wishes and Views in Australian Family Law

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 December 2013

Alan Campbell*
Affiliation:
Anglicare WA and University of South Australia, Australia
*
address for correspondence: Dr Alan Campbell, Anglicare WA, 23 Adelaide Terrace, East Perth, Western Australia, 6004[email protected]

Abstract

In 2006, legislative changes were made to the Australian Family Law Act 1975. These changes included a revision of the matters that must be considered when determining children's best interests following parental separation, at Section 60CC. This section lists two ‘primary considerations’, which relate to the child's having a ‘meaningful relationship’ with both parents and ensuring that children are safe in their interactions with their parents and others in their lives. The first of the ‘Additional considerations’ under Section 60CC concerns ‘any views expressed by the child and any factors (such as the child's maturity or level of understanding) that the court thinks are relevant to the weight it should give to the child's views’. This consideration differs from that in the pre-2006 Act, which referred to a child's ‘wishes’ rather than her/his ‘views’. There is evidence, however, that those working in the family law system may not yet have made the shift towards understanding what these changes may entail.

In this article I explore the differences between the concepts of ‘wishes’ and ‘views’ as they relate to children in family law matters. I argue that these concepts are qualitatively different, and that children's ‘views’ are far more encompassing than their ‘wishes’. Moving to a far broader understanding of children and their ability to understand issues that directly affect their lives may lead to the development of more comprehensive decisions about their futures.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Authors 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Altobelli, T. (2011). When a child rejects a parent: Why children resist contact. Australian Journal of Family Law, 25, 185209.Google Scholar
Andrews, A. B., & Freeman, M. L. (1997). The congruence of international children's rights and feminist principles as a foundation for therapy with young people. Women and Therapy, 20 (2), 727.Google Scholar
Attorney-General's Department (n.d.). Supporting Children After Separation Program. Retrieved from http://www.familyrelationships.gov.au/BrochuresandPublications/Pages/young_people_parents_separated.aspx.Google Scholar
Australian Law Reform Commission and Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (1997). Seen and Heard: Priority for children in the legal process. Canberra.Google Scholar
Bagshaw, D., & Shea Hart, A. (2008). The idealised post-separation family in Australian family law: A dangerous paradigm in cases of domestic violence. Journal of Family Studies, 14, 291309.Google Scholar
Bell, F., Cashmore, J., Parkinson, P., & Single, J. (2013). Outcomes of child-inclusive mediation. International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, 27 (1), 116142.Google Scholar
Blagg, H., & Wilkie, M. (1997). Young people and policing in Australia: the relevance of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Australian Journal of Human Rights, 3 (2), 134156.Google Scholar
Brown, T., Frederico, M., Hewitt, L., & Sheehan, R. (1998). Problems and solutions in the management of child abuse allegations in custody and access disputes in the Family Court. Family and Conciliation Courts Review, 36 (4), 431443.Google Scholar
Byrnes, P. (2011). Voices of children in the legal process. Journal of Family Studies, 17, 4458.Google Scholar
Campbell, A. (2002). Working with children in family mediation. Psychotherapy in Australia, 8 (4), 4651.Google Scholar
Campbell, A. (2008). The right to be heard: Australian children's views about their involvement in decision-making following parental separation. Child Care in Practice, 14 (3), 237255.Google Scholar
Cashmore, J. (2011). Children's participation in family law decision-making: Theoretical approaches to understanding children's views. Children and Youth Services Review, 33, 515520.Google Scholar
Cashmore, J., & Parkinson, P. (2009). Children's participation in family law disputes: The views of children, parents, lawyers, counsellors. Family Matters, 82, 1521.Google Scholar
Chisholm, R. (2009). The meanings of ‘meaningful’ with the Family Law Act amendments of 2006: A legal perspective. Journal of Family Studies, 15 (1), 6066.Google Scholar
Cleverley, J., & Phillips, D. C. (1987). Visions of Childhood: Influential Models from Locke to Spock. St Leonards NSW: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
David, M., Edwards, R., & Alldred, P. (2000). Children and school-based research: ‘Informed Consent’ or ‘Educated Consent’? British Educational Research Journal, 27 (3), 347365.Google Scholar
de Leeuw, E., Borgers, N., & Strijbos-Smits, A. (2002). Children as Respondents: Developing, evaluating and testing questionnaires for children. Paper presented at the International Conference on Questionnaire Development Evaluation and Testing Methods, Charleston, South Carolina.Google Scholar
Edwards, R., & Alldred, P. (1999). Children and young people's views of social research: the case of research on home-school relations. Childhood, 6 (2), 261281.Google Scholar
Evans, W. P., & Havercamp, M. J. (1994). An analysis of mediation assumptions: Strategies to help mediators in child custody disputes. Mediation Quarterly, 11 (3), 229245.Google Scholar
Fairfax & Maguire [2013] FamCA 174Google Scholar
Fogarty, J. (1995). Children First – The Rights of Our Children and Young People. Victorian Council for Civil Liberties Seminar Series, August.Google Scholar
Graham, A., & Fitzgerald, R. (2006). Taking account of the ‘to’ and ‘fro’ of children's experiences in family law. Children Australia, 31 (2), 3036.Google Scholar
Graham, A., & Fitzgerald, R. (2010). Exploring the promises and possibilities for children's participation in Family Relationship Centres. Family Matters, 84, 5360.Google Scholar
Hansen, P., & Ainsworth, F. (2009). The ‘best interests of the child’ thesis: Some thoughts from Australia. International Journal of Social Welfare, 18, 431439.Google Scholar
Harris, N. (2008). Family group conferencing in Australia 15 years on. Child Abuse Prevention Issues no. 27. Australian Institute of Family Studies. Retrieved from http://www.aifs.gov.au/nch/pubs/issues/issues27/issues27.pdf.Google Scholar
Harrison, C. (2008). Implacably hostile or appropriately protective?: Women managing child contact in the context of domestic violence. Violence Against Women, 14 (4), 381405.Google Scholar
Henry, P., & Hamilton, K. (2012). The inclusion of children in family dispute resolution in Australia: Balancing welfare versus rights principles. International Journal of Children's Rights, 20, 584602.Google Scholar
Hubble, G. (2000). Juvenile defendants: taking the human rights of children seriously. Alternative Law Journal, 25 (3), 116120.Google Scholar
James, A., & Prout, A. (Eds.). (1990). Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Falmer Press.Google Scholar
Jenks, C. (1982). Introduction: Constituting the child. In Jenks, C. (Ed.), The Sociology of Childhood: Essential Readings. London: Batsford.Google Scholar
Jones, M. (1999). Myths and facts concerning the Convention on the Rights of the Child in Australia. Australian Journal of Human Rights, 5 (2), 126149.Google Scholar
Kanavy, K. (2013). The State and the “psycho ex-wife”: Parents’ rights, children's interests and the First Amendment. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 161, 10811123.Google Scholar
Kelly, J. B. (1997). The best interests of the child: A concept in search of meaning. Family and Conciliation Courts Review, 35 (4), 377387.Google Scholar
Leach, P. (1994). Putting Children First: What society must do – and is not doing – for our children today. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Lloyd-Smith, M., & Tarr, J. (2000). Researching children's perspectives: a sociological dimension. In Lewis, A. & Lindsay, G. (Eds.), Researching Children's Perspectives. Buckingham: Open University Press.Google Scholar
Mantle, G., Leslie, J., Parsons, S., Plenty, J., & Shaffer, R. (2006). Establishing children's wishes and feelings for Family Court reports: The significance attached to the age of the child. Childhood, 13 (4), 499518.Google Scholar
Mantle, G., Moules, T., Johnson, K., Leslie, J., Parsons, S., & Shaffer, R. (2007). Whose wishes and feelings? Children's autonomy and parental influence in Family Court enquiries. British Journal of Social Work, 37, 785805.Google Scholar
Marks, L. A. B. (1998). Whatever Happened to Marion? Children's Rights in the Late 1990s. Paper presented at the 6th Australian Institute of Family Studies Conference, Melbourne.Google Scholar
Mason, J., & Hood, S. (2011). Exploring issues of children as actors in social research. Children and Youth Services Review, 33, 490495.Google Scholar
Mason, J., & Urquhart, R. (2001). Developing a model for participation by children in research on decision making. Children Australia, 26 (4), 1621.Google Scholar
McIntosh, J. E., & Long, C. M. (2006). Children Beyond Dispute: A prospective study of outcomes from child focused and child inclusive post-separation family dispute resolution. Final Report. Canberra: Attorney-General's Department.Google Scholar
McIntosh, J. E., Wells, Y. D., Smyth, B. M., & Long, C. M. (2008). Child-focused and child-inclusive divorce mediation: Comparative outcomes from a prospective study of post-separation adjustment. Family Court Review, 46 (1), 105124.Google Scholar
Moloney, L., & McIntosh, J. (2004). Child-responsive practices in Australian family law: Past problems and future directions. Journal of Family Studies, 10 (1), 7186.Google Scholar
O’Neill, O. (1992). Children's rights and children's lives. In Alston, P., Parker, S., & Seymour, J. (Eds.), Children, Rights and the Law. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Petridis, T., & Hannan, J. (2011). Innovations in practice: A safety assessment approach to child-inclusive family dispute resolution. Journal of Family Studies, 17 (1), 3643.Google Scholar
Piaget, J., & Cartalis, E. (1928). Judgment and Reasoning in the Child. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Poisat & Poisat [2012] FamCA 968Google Scholar
Roberts, H. (2000). Listening to children: and hearing them. In Christensen, P. & James, A. (Eds.), Research with Children: Perspectives and Practices. London: Falmer Press.Google Scholar
Ross, N. (2012). Independent children's lawyers: Relational approaches to children's representation. Australian Journal of Family Law, 26 (3), 214239.Google Scholar
Sawyer, C. (2006). The child is not a person: Family law and other legal cultures. Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 28 (1), 114.Google Scholar
Scott, J. (2000). Children as respondents: the challenge for quantitative methods. In Christensen, P. & James, A. (Eds.), Research with Children: Perspectives and practices. London: Falmer Press.Google Scholar
Shea Hart, A. (2009). Child-inclusive mediation in cases of domestic violence in Australia. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 27 (1), 326.Google Scholar
Shea Hart, A. (2011). Child safety in Australian family law: Responsibilities and challenges for social science experts in domestic violence cases. Australian Psychologist, 46, 3140.Google Scholar
Smart, C. (2001). Children's Voices. Paper presented at the 25th Anniversary Conference, Family Courts of Australia, Sydney.Google Scholar
Smith, A. B., & Taylor, N. J. (2003). Rethinking Children's Involvement in Decision-making after Parental Separation. Paper presented at the Australian Institute of Family Studies Conference, Steps Forward for Families: Research, Practice and Policy, Melbourne.Google Scholar
Tapp, P. F. (2006). Judges are humans too: Conversation between the Judge and a child as a means of giving effect to Section 6 of the Care of Children Act 2004. New Zealand Law Review, Issue 1, 3574.Google Scholar
Taylor, N. (2006). What do we know about involving children and young people in family law decision making? A research update. Australian Journal of Family Law, 20, 154178.Google Scholar
Taylor, N., Tapp, P., & Henaghan, M. (2007). Respecting children's participation in family law proceedings. International Journal of Children's Rights, 15, 6182.Google Scholar
UNICEF (2003). The Convention on the Rights of the Child. http://www.unicef.org/crc/convention.htm.Google Scholar
United Nations (1989). Convention on the Rights of the Child. Author.Google Scholar
View (n.d.) In Cambridge Online Dictionary. Retrieved from http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/view_1?q=view Google Scholar
View (n.d.) In Oxford online dictionary. Retrieved from http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/view?q=view Google Scholar
Wish (n.d.). In Cambridge online dictionary. Retrieved from http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/wish_2 Google Scholar
Wish (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster's online dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/wish.Google Scholar
Wish (n.d.). In Oxford Online Dictionary. Retrieved from http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/wish?q=wish Google Scholar
Woodhead, M., & Faulkner, D. (2000). Subjects, objects or participants? Dilemmas of psychological research with children. In Christensen, P., & James, A. (Eds.), Research with Children: Perspectives and practices. London: Falmer Press.Google Scholar