Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T02:40:55.520Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Factors influencing school counsellors' decision not to report child sexual abuse

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 February 2016

Abstract

Using a state-wide sample of 122 school counsellors (52 males and 70 females) in Queensland, Australia, factors which influenced their decision not to report child sexual abuse were examined. These factors were a lack of evidence; lack of confidence in the authorities to accurately evaluate or protect sexually abused children; adverse effects on the family's social standing in the community; potential to break up the family; and the fear of breaking counsellor-client confidentiality. Further, school counsellors were not likely to report all cases of child sexual abuse when they suspected it, thus confirming the popular belief that child sexual abuse is under-reported by them.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2002

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abrahams, N., Casey, K., & Daro, D. (1992) ‘Teachers' knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about sexual abuse and its prevention’, Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 229238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ACT Department of Education & Community Services (2000) Child abuse and neglect: Guidelines for response to concerns, Protocol between Family Services and Schools, Canberra.Google Scholar
American Humane Association (1981) National Study on Child Neglect and Abuse Reporting, Denver, CO: Author.Google Scholar
American School Counselor Association (ASCA) (1981) ‘ASCA position statement on child abuse and neglect’, The School Counselor, 28, 162164.Google Scholar
Baker, S. (1978) Sexual abuse of children, Mendocino, CA: Lawren Productions.Google Scholar
Batchelor, E.S., Dean, R.S., Gridley, B. & Batchelor, B. (1990) ‘Reports of child sexual abuse in the schools’, Psychology in the Schools. 27, 131137.3.0.CO;2-W>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, J.C. (1985) ‘A clinical survey of Tarasoff experience’, in Beck, J.C. (Ed.), The potentially violent patient and the Tarasoff decision, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Google Scholar
Besharov, D. (1983) Liabilities issues in child welfare work, Washington, DC: American Bar Association.Google Scholar
Brassard, M.R., Tyler, A.H. & Kehle, T.J. (1983) ‘School programs to prevent intrafamilial child sexual abuse’, Child Abuse and Neglect, 7, 241245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Briere, J. & Runtz, M. (1988) ‘The relationship of childhood sexual abuse with later psychological and sexual adjustment in a sample of college women’, Child Abuse and Neglect, 10, 515.Google Scholar
Broadhurst, D. (1978) ‘What schools are doing about child abuse and neglect’. Children Today, Jan-Feb., 22-36.Google ScholarPubMed
Broadhurst, D. (1979) Educator's role in the prevention and treatment of child abuse and neglect, Washington: National Centre on Child Abuse and Neglect.Google Scholar
Camblin, L.D. Jr. & Prout, H.T. (1983) ‘School counselors and the reporting of child abuse: A survey of state laws and practices’, The School Counselor, 30 (5), 358367.Google Scholar
Clearinghouse on child abuse and neglect information (1982) Who must report: Laws, Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, W.B., Crenshaw, L.M. & Lichtenberg, J.W. (1995) ‘When educators confront child abuse: An analysis of the decision to report’, Child Abuse and Neglect, 19(9), 10951113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Queensland Department of Education, Training and Employment (2000) Administrative Instructions and Guidelines, Section 3:86, 112121. Adelaide, South Australia.Google Scholar
De Young, M. (1986) ‘A conceptual model for judging the truthfulness of a young child's allegation of sexual abuse’, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 56(4), 550559.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Education Department of Western Australia (1994). The identification of child abuse and neglect: Procedures, Perth, Western Australia.Google Scholar
Elliot, M. (1985) ‘Learning to kiss and tell’, The Times Educational Supplement, 3600, 1819.Google Scholar
Finklehor, D. (1994) ‘The International Epidemiology of Child Sexual Abuse’, Child Abuse and Neglect, 18(5), 409417 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finkelhor, D. (1979) Sexually victimized children, New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Finkelhor, D. (1982) ‘Sexual abuse: A sociological perspective’, Child Abuse and Neglect, 6, 95102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finkelhor, D. (1984) Child sexual abuse: New theory and research, New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Finkelhor, D. & Browne, A. (1985) ‘The traumatic impact of child sexual abuse: A conceptualization’, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 55 (4), 530541.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finkelhor, D. & Browne, A. (1986) ‘Initial and long-term effects: A conceptual framework’, in Finkelhor, D. & Associates (1986), A sourcebook on child sexual abuse, Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Finlayson, L.M. (1990) ‘Professional judgements related to child abuse reporting laws in child sexual abuse cases’, Doctoral dissertation Michigan State University.Google Scholar
Furniss, T. (1991) The multi-professional handbook of child sexual abuse: The integrated management, therapy, and legal intervention, London: Routlege.Google Scholar
Giarretto, H. (1976) ‘The treatment of father-daughter incest: A psycho-social approach’, Child Today, 29(4), 3435.Google Scholar
Goldman, J (1995) All of me. Sex education for juniors, Melbourne: Addison, Wesley, Longman.Google Scholar
Goldman, R.J. & Goldman, J.D.G. (1982) Children's sexual thinking, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Goldman, R.J. & Goldman, J.D.G. (1988a) ‘The prevalence and nature of the child sexual abuse in Australia’, Australian Journal of Sex, Marriage and Family, 9, 94106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman, R.J. & Goldman, J.D.G. (1988b) Show me yours: Understanding children's sexuality, Victoria: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Goldman, J.D.G. & Padayachi, U.K. (2001) ‘Factors influencing school counsellors' decision to report cases of child sexual abuse’, Journal of Guidance and Counselling (accepted).Google Scholar
Goldman, J.D.G. & Padayachi, U.K. (2000a) ‘The perpetrators of child sexual abuse in Queensland, Australia’, Children Australia, Vol 25, No.2, pp.2834.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman, J.D.G. & Padayachi, U.K. (2000b) ‘School counsellors' knowledge of reporting laws and the nature of child sexual abuse’, Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, December.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman, J.D.G. & Padayachi, U.K. (2000c) ‘Some methodological problems in estimating incidence and prevalence in child'sexual abuse’, The Journal of Sex Research, 37, 4, pp.305315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman, J.D.G. & Padayachi, U.K. (1997) ‘The prevalence and nature of child sexual abuse in Queensland, Australia’, Child Abuse and Neglect, Vol 21, No 5, pp.489498.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldman, J.D.G. & Ronkin, C. (2000) ‘The concept of childhood with reference to child sexual abuse, in Child Sexual Abuse in Queensland; Selected Research Papers, Queensland Crime Commission and Queensland Police Commission, Brisbane Google Scholar
Griggs, S.A. & Gale, P. (1977) ‘The abused child: Focus for the counsellor’, Elementary School Guidance and Counseling, 11, 187194.Google Scholar
Harper, G. & Irvin, E (1985) ‘Alliance formation with parents: Limit-setting and the effect of mandated reporting’, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 55, 550560.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartman, A. (1978) ‘Diagrammatic assessment of family relationships’, Child Casework, 59, 465476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hazzard, A. (1984) ‘Training teachers to identify and intervene with abused children’, Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 13, 288293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hazzard, A. & Rupp, G. (1986) ‘A note on the knowledge and attitudes of professional groups toward child sexual abuse’, Journal of Community Psychology, 14, 219223.3.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herman, P. (1985) ‘Educating children about sexual abuse’, Childhood Education, 61, 169174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herzberger, S. (1985) ‘Identifying cases of child sexual abuse: A social psychological phenomenon’, Victimology: An International Journal, 1, 4, 8796.Google Scholar
James, S.H. & Burch, K.M. (1999) ‘School counselors' roles in cases of child sexual behavior’, Professional School Counseling, 2(3), 211217.Google Scholar
James, J., Womack, W. & Stauss, F. (1978) ‘Physicians reporting of sexual abuse of children’, Journal of American Medical Association, 240, 11451146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, D. P.H. (1990) ‘Talking with children’, in Oates, R.K. (Ed.), Understanding and managing child sexual abuse, Sydney: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Google Scholar
Jones, D.P.H. & McQuiston, M.G. (1988) Interviewing the sexually abused children, London: Gaskell.Google Scholar
Keller, E. (1974) ‘Counseling of the victims of sexual assault’, in Keller, E. (Ed.), Sexual assault: A statewide problem, Minnesota: St Paul.Google Scholar
King, M.A. & Yuille, J.C. (1987) ‘Suggestibility and the child witness’, in Ceci, S. J., Toglia, M.P. & Ross, D.F. (Eds.), Children's eyewitness memory, London: Springer-Verlag Google Scholar
Kraizer, S., Witte, S. & Fryer, G. (1989) ‘Child sexual abuse prevention programs. What makes them effective in protecting children’, Children Today, 18, 2327.Google ScholarPubMed
Krupnick, M.I. (1981) ‘A survey of school psychologists' awareness of and attitudes toward incest’, Doctoral dissertation, Rutgers University.Google Scholar
Lamb, M.E., Sternberg, K.J. & Esplin, P.W. (1998) ‘Conducting investigative interviews of alleged sexual abuse victims’, Child Abuse and Neglect, 22(8), 813823.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lamond, D.A.P. (1989) ‘The impact of mandatory reporting legislation on reporting behaviour’, Child Abuse and Neglect, 13, 471480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levin, P.G. (1983) ‘Teachers' perceptions, attitudes, and reporting of child abuse and neglect’, Child Welfare, 62, 1420.Google Scholar
McCafferey, M. & Tewey, S. (1978) ‘Preparing educators to participate in the community response to child abuse and neglect’, Exceptional Children, 45, 114122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McFadden, E.J. (1989) Counseling abused children, ERIC Counseling and Personal Services Clearing House. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1259.Google Scholar
Miller, K.A. & Miller, E.K. (1979) ‘Child abuse and neglect: A framework for identification’, The School Counselor, 26, 284287.Google Scholar
Minard, S.M. (1993) ‘The school counselor's role in confronting child sexual abuse’, The School Counselor, 41(1), 915.Google Scholar
Muehleman, T. & Kimmons, C. (1981) ‘Psychologists' views on child abuse reporting, confidentiality, life and the law: An exploratory study’, Professional Psychology, 12, 631638.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
New South Wales Child Protection Council (1987) New South Wales Child Protection Council Newsletter, 3, SeptGoogle Scholar
O'Hagan, K. (1989) Working with child sexual abuse: A post-Cleveland guide to effective principles and practice, Philadelphia: Open University Press.Google Scholar
Olson, E. (1985) ‘A collaborative approach to prevention of child sexual abuse’, Victimology: An International Journal, 10, 131139.Google Scholar
Padayachi, U.K, (1994) ‘‘The Nature and Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse in Queensland and School Counsellors’ Responses’, PhD thesis, University of Queensland, Australia.Google Scholar
Petrie, S. (1986) Child abuse and neglect: Guidelines for school personnel, Brisbane College of Advanced Education, Kelvin Grove Campus, Brisbane.Google Scholar
Queensland Department of Education (1989) Policy Statement No 128, 14 April, Brisbane, Queensland.Google Scholar
Queensland Department of Education (1998) Department of Education manual: Health and safety, Brisbane, Queensland.Google Scholar
Remley, T.P. & Fry, L.J. (1993) ‘Reporting suspected child abuse: Conflicting roles for the counselor’, The School Counselor, 40(4), 253259.Google Scholar
Rencken, R.H. (1989) Intervention strategies for sexual abuse, American Association for Counseling and Development VA: Alexandria.Google Scholar
Riggs, R.S. (1982) ‘Incest: The school's role’, Journal of School Health, 52, 365370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riggs, R. & Evans, D. (1978) ‘‘The Pre-professional elementary educators’ knowledge and opinions regarding child abuse’, College Student Journal, 12, 290293.Google Scholar
Sgroi, S.M., Porter, F.S. & Blick, L.C. (1982) In Sgroi, S.M. (Ed.), Handbook of clinical intervention in child sexual abuse, Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Swoboda, J.S., Elwork, A., Sales, B.D. & Levine, D. (1978) ‘Knowledge of and compliance with privileged communication child abuse reporting laws’, Professional Psychology, 9, 448457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tong, L. & Oates, R.K. (1990) ‘Short-term effects of child sexual abuse’, in Oates, R. K. (Ed.), Understanding and managing child sexual abuse, Sydney: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers.Google Scholar
Vevier, E. & Tharinger, D.J. (1986) ‘Child sexual abuse: A review and intervention framework for school psychologist’, Journal of School Psychology, 24, 293311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, C.E., Bonner, B.L. & Kaufman, K.L. (1988) The physically and sexually abused child: Evaluation and treatment. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Watson, J.M. & Levine, L.J. (1989) ‘Psychotherapy and mandating reporting of child abuse’, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59(2), 246256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westcott, N.A. (1980) ‘Sexually abused children: A special clientele for school counselors’. The School Counselor, 27, 199203.Google Scholar
Whetsell-Mitchell, J. (1995) ‘Indicators of child sexual abuse: Children at risk’, Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 18(4), 319340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilder, P. (1991) ‘A counselor's contribution to the child abuse referral network’, The School Counselor, 38, 203213.Google Scholar
Wilson, J., Thomas, D. & Schuette, L. (1983) ‘Survey of school counsellors on identifying and reporting cases of child abuse’, The School Counselor, 30, 299305.Google Scholar
Zeifert, M. (1982) Adolescent abuse and neglect, Ypsilanti, MI: Eastern Michigan University.Google Scholar
Zellman, G.L. (1990). Linking schools and social services: The case of child abuse reporting Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 12(1), 4155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar