Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T18:07:32.842Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Children as Commodities: Conflicting Discourses of Protection and Abuse of Children

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 November 2018

Pamela Schulz*
Affiliation:
University of South Australia (School of Creative Industries-Communications and International Studies), Magill and Adelaide, South Australia
*
address for correspondence: Pamela Schulz, Senior Adjunct Research Fellow, University of South Australia. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

In modern society children are valued and nurtured, and it is often stated in media discourses across a variety of platforms and via the press and elsewhere, particularly by politicians, that “Children are our future”. Thus, they deserve the best education and a safe and secure environment in order to thrive and become a part of society. To this end, this study looks at how the media and its language construct children as a commodity in the economy who are used by media as a barometer for society and its commitment to decency and community. However, on closer inspection, a disturbing discourse of division emerges showing the community is split on how best to care and protect our children so that they may partake of that future. Children are used to promote viewpoints (or even ideologies) by celebrities who use their children as exemplars of their parenting style. In addition, children are used by media as a measure of whether a modern democracy is fair or decent in its application of law. From issues related to the pester power through which marketers use children to sell products to the lure of the internet, children are used to make money or seek access to it. Most modern legal frameworks actively support the maintenance of children within culture and kinship groups, yet thousands of children each year are deliberately separated from their parents who are encouraged by marketing ploys to send their children to other parts of the world for education or to seek a migration outcome. This study suggests that modern democratic societies are not consistent in their discourses which, on the one hand, seek to promote active support for the care and wellbeing of children and, on the other, continue a divisive discourse about appropriate responses. In this analysis and commentary, italics are used to give emphasis to keywords and phrases.

Type
Opinion Piece
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acharya, M. (2016). New Visa opens doors to international primary school students and their guardians. Retrieved from https://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/hindi/en/article/2016/06/17/australias-new-visa-opens-door-international-primary-school-students-and-their accessed Sep 18th 2018Google Scholar
Agence France-Presse (AFP) (2018) ‘Schools closed down due to Boko Haram attacks’. Daily Nation. Retrieved from https://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/Boarding-schools-closed-northeast-Nigeria-Boko-Haram-attacks/1066-4352984-153prnuz/index.html>>Google Scholar
Altheide, D. (2003a). Mass media crime and the discourse of fear. Hedgehog Review, 9 (3), 925.Google Scholar
Altheide, D. (2003b). Notes towards a politics of fear. Journal of Crime, Conflict and the Media, 1, 3754.Google Scholar
Anderson, P., & Wilde, R. Q. C. (2007). “Little Children are Sacred.” A report to the Northern Territory Government of Australia. Retrieved from http://www.inquirysaac.nt.gov.au/pdf/bipacsa_report_summary.pdfGoogle Scholar
Asthana, A. (2008). Boarding school may harm children. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/education/2008/may/11/publicschools.schoolsGoogle Scholar
Australia Dream Solutions (n.d.) “From student visa to permanent residency”. Retrieved from https://australiadream.com.au/from-student-visas accessed on October 23d 2018.Google Scholar
Australian Broadcasting Commission (2016). Chloe valentine case prompts changes in child protection laws. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-15/chloe-valentine-case-prompts-child-protection-amendments/7328078.Google Scholar
Australian Institute of Family Studies Website (2017). The prevalence of child abuse and neglect. Retrieved from https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/publications/prevalence-child-abuse-and-neglect.Google Scholar
Bagshaw, E. (2018). Immigration millionaire migration to boost the economy. The Australian. Retrieved from https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/millionaire-migrants-pouring-into-australia-20180706-p4zpzm.html.Google Scholar
Barnardos Website (2018). Children by numbers. Retrieved from https://www.barnardos.org.au/Google Scholar
Beck, U. (2005). Risk society: Towards a new modernity. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Black, N. (2018). Little Big Shots’ Max: I've sold hundreds of chicken beanies. New Idea. Retrieved from https://www.newidea.com.au/little-big-shots-max-has-sold-hundreds-of-chicken-beanies.Google Scholar
Bromfield, L., & Higgins, D. (2005). National comparison of child protection systems. NCPC Issues No. 22. Retrieved from https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/publications/national-comparison-child-protection-systems.Google Scholar
Bulman, J. (2016). Children better off at nursery school than at home with parents. The Independent. Retrieved from https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/children-nursery-home-parents-study-develop-oxford-london-school-economics-a7420986.html.Google Scholar
Chess, S., & Maddox, J. (2018). Kim Kardashian is my new BFF: Video games and the looking glass celebrity. Journal of Popular Communication, 16 (3), 196210.Google Scholar
Dalton, B. (2011). Daddy Dearest: The development of child stars in the studio system of the 1930s through '50s (Doctoral dissertation). University of Tennessee. Retrieved from https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com.au/&httpsredir=1&article=2453&context=utk_chanhonoprojGoogle Scholar
De Beaugrande, R. (1999) “Discourse Studies and Ideology: on Liberalism and Liberalisation in Three Large Corpora of English” in Discourse Studies, 1 (3), 259295.Google Scholar
Doherty, B. (2018). Nauru self-harm ‘contagion’ as 12 year old tries to set herself alight. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/aug/23/nauru-self-harm-contagion-as-12-year-old-refugee-tries-to-set-herself-alight.Google Scholar
Doyle, J. (2018). Child care providers and parents report teething problems with child care subsidy. ABC News. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-09/child-care-subsidy-teething-problems/10083392.Google Scholar
Duffy, B. E. & Hund, E. (2015). “‘Having it All’ on Social Media: Entrepreneurial femininity and self-branding among fashion bloggers.” Social Media + Society (1)2. Available on line at University of Pennsylvania Website https://www.asc.upenn.edu/news-events/publications/having-it-all-social-media-entrepreneurial-femininity-and-self-branding accessed October 23d 2018Google Scholar
Ey, L. A., & McInnes, E. (2015). Sexualised music videos broad-cast on Australian free-to-air television in child-friendly time periods. Children Australia, 40 (1), 5868.Google Scholar
Fairclough, N. (2001). Critical discourse analysis as a method in social scientific research. In Wodak, R. & Meyer, M. (Eds.), Methods of critical discourse analysis (pp. 121138). London, UK: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Fairclough, N. (2003). Analysing discourse, textual analysis for social research. London, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar
Felix, B. (2007). Oprah cleans house in South Africa abuse case. Reuters Open Forum. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-oprah/oprah-cleans-house-in-south-africa-school-abuse-case-idUSL0516946620071106Google Scholar
Fisher, S., Frazer, N., & Murray, K. (1986). Homesickness and health in boarding school children. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 6 (1), 3547.Google Scholar
Gitlin, T. (2001). Media unlimited: How the torrent of images and sounds overwhelms our lives. New York: Metropolitan Books.Google Scholar
Griffin, E. (2014). Child labour. Retrieved from the British Library website: https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/child-labourGoogle Scholar
Guarino, M. (2010). When kids become tickets to fame. The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved from https://www.csmonitor.com/The-Culture/Arts/2010/0208/When-kids-become-tickets-to-fame.Google Scholar
Guenther, J., & Fogarty, B. (2018). Boarding schools for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders students can have very damaging effects: New evidence-based research. Australian Association for Research in Education. Retrieved from http://www.aare.edu.au/blog/?s=Fogarty+and+GuentherGoogle Scholar
Hains, T. (2018). Fareed Zakaria: Trump may have lost immigration battle, but he could win the war. Real Clear Politics. Retrieved from https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2018/06/24/fareed_zakaria_trump_may_have_lost_immigration_battle_but_could_win_the_war.htmlGoogle Scholar
Hall, A. (2007). Costello takes credit for baby boom. ABC (Australia) Radio. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2007/s1963979.htmGoogle Scholar
Hall, K., & Holmes, P. (2008). Media studies AS and A2. Harlow, UK: Pearson Education.Google Scholar
Holpuch, A., & Gambino, L. (2018). Why are children separated from parents at the border? The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jun/18/why-are-families-being-separated-at-the-us-border-explainer.Google Scholar
Juwai (2018). New Zealand: In before the door closes. Retrieved from https://list.juwai.com/news/2018/09/new-zealand-in-before-the-door-closes.Google Scholar
Khoo, V. (2016). Singapore's low birth rate poses economic problems, as Asia's demographic stress rises. Consumer News and Business Channel. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2016/07/26/singapores-low-birth-rate-poses-economic-problems-as-asias-demographic-stress-rises.html.Google Scholar
King, R. (2018). Young recycling entrepreneur turns bungled container deposit scheme into house deposit. ABC News. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-06-04/young-recycling-entrepreneur-and-bungled-container-deposits/9831144Google Scholar
Kolata, G. (1991). More babies being born to be donors of tissue. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/04/health/more-babies-being-born-to-be-donors-of-tissue.htmlGoogle Scholar
Kopan, T. (2018). Hundreds of kids remain separated from parents. CNN News. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/30/politics/family-separations-hundreds-children-separated/index.html.Google Scholar
Lee, J. (2018). Couple in China offers to give away daughter to save son with leukaemia, has crowdfunding efforts frozen. The Straits Times. Retrieved from https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/chinese-couple-offers-to-give-away-daughter-to-save-son-with-leukaemia-has.Google Scholar
Levinson, D. (2000). Children as economic agents. Feminist Economics, 6 (1), 125134.Google Scholar
Manning, C., & Schutze, H. (1999). Collocation. Stanford Linguistics Group. Retrieved from https://nlp.stanford.edu/fsnlp/promo/colloc.pdf.Google Scholar
Manson, S., Beals, J., Dick, R., & Duclos, C. (1989). Risk factors for suicide among Indian adolescents at a boarding school. Public Health Reports America. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1580161/pdf/pubhealthrep00200-0089.pdf.Google Scholar
Mc Cleery, Adam (2018) “Coles Chaos Continues” in Daily Mail Australia and available on line at https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6066101/Frantic-parents-swarm-Coles-search-Little-shop-mini-collectables.html accessed 16th August 2018Google Scholar
Miller, J. J. (2018). PeopleTV. (2018, April 20) Pink opens up about raising strong kids, how her childhood shaped the way she parents. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WkjwZr0awnwGoogle Scholar
Mullighan, E. (2008). Children in state care. Commission of Inquiry. Retrieved from https://www.childabuseroyalcommission.gov.au/sites/default/files/WEB.0198.001.0001.pdf.Google Scholar
My Premium Europe Website (2018). The top 19 private international schools in Europe. Retrieved from https://www.mypremiumeurope.com/top-private-schools/switzerland.htm .Google Scholar
Nash, D. (2017). Today. USA: National Broadcasting Company (NBC). Retrieved from https://www.today.com/parents/madonna-difficulties-adopting-children-africa-t116009 .Google Scholar
Nyland, M. (2016). The life they deserve: Child protection systems report and summary. Royal Commission of Inquiry. Retrieved from https://www.agd.sa.gov.au/sites/g/files/net2876/f/preface_summary_and_recommendations.pdfGoogle Scholar
Parents (2018a). 6 Celebrity parents raising kids without gender stereotypes. Retrieved from https://www.parents.com/parenting/celebrity-parents/moms-dads/celebrity-parents-raising-kids-without-gender-stereotypes/Google Scholar
Parents (2018b). Celebrity pregnancy announcements: How stars shared the news! Retrieved from https://www.parents.com/pregnancy/signs/breaking-the-news/celebrity-pregnancy-announcements/Google Scholar
Pearson, N. (2018). Remember passive welfare? It's real and it's still here and it's hurting our children. The Australian. Retrieved from https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/inquirer/remember-passive-welfare-its-real-its-still-here-and-its-hurting-our-children/news-story/47a066babebdc0bfb9089fb7d20a1cdc.Google Scholar
Pidgeon, E. (2017). Meet the boy behind Mr Larcom's booming chicken business. Gladstone Observer. Retrieved from https://www.gladstoneobserver.com.au/news/meet-the-boy-behind-mt-larcoms-booming-chicken-bus/3158218/Google Scholar
Rogers, J. (2017). We need to know the true cost of boarding schools on indigenous communities. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/we-need-to-know-the-true-cost-of-indigenous-boarding-school-scholarships-on-communities-74622Google Scholar
Rudd, K. (2008). Full transcript of PM's speech. The Weekend Australian. Retrieved from https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/full-transcript-of-pms-speech/news-story/3143dac870aec0145901e575ae79cc3bGoogle Scholar
Saval, M. (2017). Oprah Winfrey's leadership academy for girls marks 10 years. Variety. Retrieved from https://variety.com/2017/biz/news/oprah-winfrey-leadership-academy-for-girls-10-year-anniversary-1202510605/Google Scholar
Schaverien, J. (2011). Boarding school syndrome: Broken attachments a hidden trauma. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 27 (2), 138155.Google Scholar
Schriever, J. (2011). House of horrors mastermind Tania Stalker jailed for 10 years. The Advertiser. Retrieved from https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/house-of-horror-mastermind-tania-staker-jailed-for-10-years/news-story/37c93db3fe4e958c3f775c296246c9e5Google Scholar
Schulman, E. (2015). The free range parenting quandary. Letters to the editor. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/26/opinion/the-free-range-parenting-quandary.html.Google Scholar
Schulz, P. D. (2010). Courts and judges on trial: Analysing and managing the discourses of disapproval. Berlin: Lit Verlag.Google Scholar
Schulz, P. D. (2014). Are judges getting the full story through court-ordered reports and investigations? A critical analysis of the discourse of disbelief in an allegation of child sexual abuse. Children Australia, 39 (3), 137146.Google Scholar
Schulz, P. D. (2017). Getting Gillard and hating Hillary: Analysing the discourses of disrespect and direction. Working Paper. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3110418Google Scholar
Schulz, P. D. (2018). Child protection politics and procrastination: The discourse of deferral. Children Australia, 43 (1), 1322.Google Scholar
Schulz, P. D., & Cannon, A. J. (2018). On public opinion discourse: Justice applications. Journal of Judicial Administration, 27 (3), 105122.Google Scholar
Semuels, A. (2017). The mystery of Japan's low birth rate. The Atlantic. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/07/japan-mystery-low-birth-rate/534291/Google Scholar
Siewert, R. (2009). Senator of the Australian Parliament Report ‘Lost Innocence and Forgotten Australians’ Report of child migrants from the UK and Recommendations. Retrieved from https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/28255433?selectedversion=NBD44496880Google Scholar
Sixty Minutes (2018). Gamble of life. Nine Network Australia. Retrieved from https://tvtonight.com.au/2018/08/60-minutes-aug-12.htmlGoogle Scholar
Smith Family Research Report 27/04/2016 (2016) available on line at https://www.thesmithfamily.com.au/about-us/media/2016/04/26/02/31/270416-lfl-reportGoogle Scholar
South Australian Government International Primary School Students Program (2018). Retrieved from https://www.internationalstudents.sa.edu.au/en/students/primary-student/primary-school-study-abroad-program/Google Scholar
Stevens, K. (2018). 'Yes, we did have you to get some of your bone marrow': Desperate parents hit back at critics who slammed them for having genetically engineered baby girl, so she could help cure their son, 4, of a deadly disease. Daily Mail, (UK). Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6052423/Melbourne-parents-hit-critics-slammed-genetically-engineering-baby-girl.htmlGoogle Scholar
Study Adelaide South Australia (2018). Retrieved from https://studyadelaide.com/course-search/course-search-results/.Google Scholar
Suhay, L. (2014). Shirley Temple: Lessons for child stars and the rest of us. Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved from https://www.csmonitor.com/The-Culture/Family/2014/0211/Shirley-Temple-Lessons-for-child-stars-and-the-rest-of-us/Fame-is-fleeting.-Selfless-service-is-not.Google Scholar
Hong Kong Tatler (2018). 10 outstanding British boarding schools to consider. Retrieved from https://hk.asiatatler.com/life/10-outstanding-british-public-schools.Google Scholar
The Kings School (2017). International students. Sydney, Australia. Retrieved from http://www.kings.edu.au/enrolments/international-students.phpGoogle Scholar
Van der Valk, I. (2003). Right wing parliamentary discourse on immigration in France. Discourse and Society, 14 (3), 309348.Google Scholar
Van Dijk, T. (1998). News as discourse. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum and Associates.Google Scholar
Vivinetto, G. (2017). Madonna opens up over the criticism she received after adopting from Africa. Today. Retrieved from https://www.today.com/parents/madonna-difficulties-adopting-children-africa-t116009.Google Scholar
Wilde, R., & Anderson, P. (2007). ‘Little Children are Sacred’ [Ampe Akelyernemane Meke Mekarle]: Northern Territory Report Board of Inquiry into the protection of Aboriginal Children from Child Abuse presented to the Administrator of the NT in April 2007. Retrieved from http://www.inquirysaac.nt.gov.au/pdf/bipacsa_final_report.pdf.Google Scholar
Yan, A. (2015). Why Chinese parents are sending their children abroad to study at a younger age. South China Morning Post. Retrieved from https://www.scmp.com/news/china/money-wealth/article/1747075/why-chinese-parents-are-sending-their-children-abroad-studyGoogle Scholar
Yaxley, L. (2018). Barnaby Joyce knew last year that Vikki Campion's pregnancy would mean he would have to step down as deputy PM. ABC News. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-06-03/joyce-and-campion-reveal-pregnancy-timeline-in-$150k-interview/9825208Google Scholar
Zeitchik, S., & Kaufman, A. (2014). Shirley Temple's mixed legacy for child actors. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-shirley-temple-child-actors-20140212-story.html.Google Scholar