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Why Paul Nathan Attacked Albert Ballin: The Transatlantic Mass Migration and the Privatization of Prussia's Eastern Border Inspection, 1886–1914

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2010

Tobias Brinkmann
Tobias Brinkmann
Affiliation:
Penn State University
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Extract

Albert Ballin was one of Imperial Germany's most successful business leaders. He early recognized the impact and possibilities of the expansion and integration of global markets. Within little more than a decade after he had joined the management of the Hamburg-Amerikanische-Paketfahrt-Aktien-Gesellschaft (HAPAG) in 1886, he turned an already significant enterprise into the world's largest steamship line. As a leading manager and later as HAPAG director general, Ballin was a major force behind Hamburg's rise to Imperial Germany's second largest city. Due in no small part to HAPAG's spectacular growth, Hamburg emerged as a key global port for passengers and freight by the turn of the century. But Ballin was not just a gifted business leader in a highly innovative economic sector; he also had access to some of the highest figures in Berlin. Ballin repeatedly met with the Kaiser and government members, and he used his long-standing contacts in England on several diplomatic missions to ease rising tensions between the two powers, albeit without lasting success.

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Central European History , Volume 43 , Issue 1 , March 2010 , pp. 47 - 83
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Copyright © Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association 2010

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References

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22 Murken, Linienreederei-Verbände, 24–60; the sometimes bitter rivalry between HAPAG and Lloyd cannot be discussed here; see ibid., especially 321–322; for a protest of the Red Star against restrictions its passengers faced on Silesian border crossings, see Red Star (Antwerp) to Royal [Prussian] Government in Oppeln (Upper Silesia), July 27, 1898, in Auswanderung und Kolonisation, vol. 16.

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32 Almost every issue of the major Jewish papers carried extensive articles on Jewish “emigration”: Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums (Berlin), December 16, 1904; Die Welt, June 17, and September 23, 1904; Bernhard Kahn, “Die jüdische Auswanderung,” Ost und West (Berlin) 1905: 457–492.

33 Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums, September 2, 1904; 3. Geschäftsbericht (1904) des Hilfsvereins der Deutschen Juden (Berlin, 1905), 20–31.

34 3. Geschäftsbericht (1904) des Hilfsvereins der Deutschen Juden (Berlin, 1905), 30–35, 41; Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums, October 28, 1904, 529; Im Deutschen Reich (Berlin), November 1904, 616–617; Die Welt, November 4, 1904; Israelitisches Familienblatt, October 27, 1904; Berliner Tageblatt, October 27, 1904. On formal recognition of the Hilfsverein at the control stations by Prussia, see Die Welt, May 5, 1905. On conservative attacks against HAPAG as a grain importer, see Cecil, Ballin, 112–113. For quotes by Böckler afterward, see Mosse, Werner E., “Die Juden in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft,” in Juden im Wilhelminischen Deutschland, 1890–1914, ed. Mosse, Werner E. and Paucker, Arnold (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1976), 57–114Google Scholar, here: 96 (author's translation).

35 Berliner Tageblatt (Berlin), September 27, October 4, 8, and 28, 1904; Vorwärts (Berlin), November 30, 1904; Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums, October 7, 1904; see also Karlsberg, German Control of Emigrants, 111–114.

36 Protokoll über die Verhandlungen des Parteitages der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands, Abgehalten zu Bremen (Berlin: Vorwärts, 1904), 137 (motion 138), 322–324 (discussion), Liebknecht quote: 323; Wertheimer, Unwelcome Strangers, 40.

37 Halpern, Georg, “Bade bei Ballin,” in Freistatt, Süddeutsche Zeitschrift für Politik, Literatur und Kunst (Munich), October 8, 1904, 812–813Google Scholar. Halpern was an economist who became a prominent Zionist in the 1920s.

38 Stubmann, Mein Feld ist die Welt, 128; Cecil, Ballin, 123–132.

39 Vorwärts (Berlin), August 3, 28, and 30 (quote), September 2, December 1, 1904.

40 Jahresbericht der HAPAG, Achtundfünfzigstes Geschäftsjahr 1904 (Hamburg: Persiehl, 1905).

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42 The left-wing attacks mentioned in this article on Ballin were not anti-Semitic (a more detailed analysis remains a desideratum). Anti-Semites attacked Ballin repeatedly; see, for instance, Im Deutschen Reich, August 1899, 443.

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46 Vorwärts, September 3, 1904.

47 Berliner Tageblatt, September 23 and 27, October 4 and 23, 1904.

48 Cecil, “Coal for the Fleet that had to Die,” 996.

49 Berliner Zeitung, October 28, 1904, quoted in a translation in Karlsberg, German Control of Emigrants, 119; Murken, Linienreederei-Verbände, 268–278; New York Times, November 13 and 14, 1904; Karlsberg, German Control of Emigrants, 116–117.

50 Murken, Linienreederei-Verbände, 278–325; German Embassy St. Petersburg (Biermann) to Imperial Chancellor, December 5, 1908, in Auswanderungsamt, II C I 8 (failure of Russian attempts to start a competing passenger service from Libau).

51 Murken, Linienreederei-Verbände, 278–325; Jahresbericht der Hamburg Amerika Linie, Siebenundsechzigstes Geschäftsjahr 1913 (Hamburg: Persiehl, 1914); Reich Minister of the Interior to Prussian Minister of Trade and Commerce, December 10, 1912, in Auswanderung und Kolonisation, vol. 18; Berliner Tageblatt, February 18, 1913; Die königlich bayerische Auswanderer-Kontroll-Station Marktredwitz und der Auswanderer-Durchgangsverkehr durch Bayern (Rotterdam: PTG, 1914?).

52 Stenographische Berichte der Verhandlungen des Deutschen Reichstags, 166. Session, Friday, March 17, 1905, 5328; Vorwärts (Berlin), May 1, 1905.

53 Report by Kiliszewki, November 28, 1907, in Auswanderungsamt, II E I 1b Beiheft 2. See also Berliner Tageblatt, May 27, 1907 (a doctor employed by Lloyd lodged a formal complaint against a police officer who had beaten migrants in Ruhleben).

54 Zolberg, A Nation by Design, 264–267; Yans-McLaughlin, Virginia and Lightman, Marjorie, Ellis Island and the Peopling of America: The Official Guide (New York: The New Press, 1997), 70Google Scholar; Annual Report of the Surgeon General of the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service of the United States, for the Fiscal Year 1904 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1904), 188–193 (Yokohama, Nagasaki, Kobe, and Shanghai), 217 (Naples and Palermo); Annual Report of the Commissioner General of Immigration 1894, 16.

55 Anthes, Louis, Lawyers and Immigrants, 1870–1940: A Cultural History (Levittown, NY: LFB Scholarly Publishing, 2003), 53–90Google Scholar; Yans-McLaughlin and Lightman, Ellis Island, 70; Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society, Third Annual Report (1911) (New York, 1912), 14–15.

56 Julius Kaliski, “Mit Ballin Unterwegs,” Vorwärts, December 20, 23, and 27, 1904, January 5 and 10, 1905; HAPAG, Abt. Personenverkehr to Kiliszewski, December 12, 1904, in Auswanderungsamt, II E III P 45.

57 Emigrant Conditions in Europe, in 61st Congress, 3rd Session, Senate, Reports of the Immigrant Commission, presented by Mr. Dillingham (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1911), 93–97 (quote, 93); Steerage Conditions, in ibid., 29–31; Schneider, Dorothee, “The United States Government and the Investigation of European Emigration in the Open Door Era,” in Citizenship and Those Who Leave: The Politics of Emigration and Expatriation, ed. Green, Nancy and Weil, François (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2007), 195–210, here 203–204Google Scholar; for a 1911 inspection of the control stations by the U.S. Consul General at Hamburg, R. P. Skinner, see Annual Report of the Surgeon General of the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service of the United States, for the Fiscal Year 1911 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1912), 99–103.

58 Wertheimer, Unwelcome Strangers, 40–42.

59 Wyman, David S., Paper Walls: America and the Refugee Crisis, 1938–1941 (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1968)Google Scholar; “Paper Walls” already applied in the post-1918 period.