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Victims and Victors: Art and Culture in Nazi Germany, the United States, and Postwar Europe

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 December 2008

Michael H. Kater
Affiliation:
York University

Abstract

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Type
Review Article
Copyright
Copyright © Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association 1997

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References

1. See, e.g., Steinweis, Alan E., Art, Ideology, and Economics in Nazi Germany: The Reich Chambers of Music, Theater, and the Visual Arts (Chapel Hill and London, 1993);Google ScholarPetropoulos, Jonathan, Art as Politics in the Third Reich (Chapel Hill and London, 1996).Google Scholar

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10. Ibid., 15.

11. See the balanced assessment in Kershaw, Ian, The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation, 2nd ed. (London, 1989), 6181.Google Scholar

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19. Ibid., 39–41.

20. Ibid., 41–58.

21. BoguslawDrewniak, “The Foundations of Theater Policy in Nazi Germany,” in Cuomo, Cultural Policy, 67–94, quotation 68.

22. Ibid., 72–73.

23. Ibid., 70. See Shirakawa, Sam H., The Devil's Music Master: The Controversial Life and Career of Wilhelm Furtwängler (New York and Oxford, 1992), 304, 346–47, 353–54.Google Scholar

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26. Drewniak, “The Foundations of Theater Policy,” 79.

27. Ibid., 87; Prieberg, Fred K., Musik im NS-Staat (Frankfurt am Main, 1982), 190Google Scholar; Kater, , The Twisted Muse, 83.Google Scholar Appropriately, Lehár's name is missing from Stengel, Theo and Gerigk, Herbert, Lexikon der Juden in der Musik: Mit einem Titelverzeichnis jüdischer Werke (Berlin, 1941), 153.Google Scholar

28. Drewniak, “The Foundations of Theater Policy,” 73.See Kater, The Twisted Muse, 46–55; Pâris, Alain, Lexikon der Interpreten klassischer Musik im 20. Jahrhundert (Munich and Kassel, 1992), 394.Google Scholar

29. Drewniak, “The Foundations of Theater Policy,” 89. See TGII.

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32. DavidWelch, “Nazi Film Policy: Control, Ideology, and Propaganda,” in Cuomo, Cultural Policy, 99.

33. Ibid., 107; Michael H.Kater, “German Film as an Object of Reflection in The Goebbels Diaries: Series II” (forthcoming).

34. Welch, “Nazi Film Policy,” 107–9, 116.

35. Ibid., 115–18; Wulf, Joseph, ed., Theater und Film im Dritten Reich: Eine Dokumentation (Reinbek, 1966), 395–97.Google Scholar On Münchhausen, see Rentschler, Eric, “The Triumph of Male Will: Münchhausen (1943),” Film Quarterly 43, No. 3 (Spring 1990): 1523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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39. Ibid., 123.

40. See Kater, Michael H., “Das Problem der musikalischen Moderne im NS-Staat,” in Bruckner-Probleme, ed. Riethmüller, Albrecht (Beihefte zum Archiv für Musikwissenschaft [Stuttgart, 1998]), (in press).Google Scholar

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50. Ibid., 172.

51. For a balanced and still pertinent view see Heiber, Helmut, Joseph Goebbels (Munich, 1965).Google Scholar

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57. Personal communication by Škvoreckỳ to author, Oakville, 1991.

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59. See TG.

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65. Ibid.; see esp. 173, 207, 216, 239–42, 249, 363.

66. Cf. earlier, Heyworth, Peter, ed., Conversations with Klemperer (London and Boston, 1985);Google ScholarAnderson, Martin, ed., Klemperer on Music: Shavings from a Musician's Workbench (Exeter, 1986).Google Scholar

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68. Ibid., 161 (quotation). See Stenzl, Jürg, ed., Orchester Kultur: Variationen über ein halbes Jahrhundert. Aus Anlass des 50. Geburtstages des SWF-Sinfonieorchesters (Stuttgart and Weimar, 1996), 153, 159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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70. On Legge and his difficult personality in detail see Jefferson, Schwarzkopf.

71. Heyworth, Klemperer, 2:220, 233–34, 237 (quotation); Kater, The Twisted Muse, 113.

72. Heyworth, Klemperer, 2:247, 252–53, 259–62, 266; Pâris, Lexikon, 377.

73. Heyworth, Klemperer, 2:359.

74. Ibid., 167–68, 275–77, 279, 303, 340.

75. Ibid., 99–100.

76. Ibid., 217, 220, 253, 268, 275–77, 303, 315.

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85. Weill to Lenya, 3 May 1936 and 28 Jan 1937 (quotation), in Symonette and Kowalke, Speak Low, 193, 196;NG, vol. 20: 302, 306.

86. Weill to Lenya, 3, 13, 17 Mar (quotation), 11 Apr 1937, 26 Sep and 1 Oct 1942, in Symonette and Kowalke, Speak Low, 211–12, 216–17, 219–20, 230, 364, 367;Scott, Matthew, “Weill in America: The Problem of Revival,” in A New Orpheus: Essays on Kurt Weill, ed. Kowalke, Kim H. (New Haven and London, 1986), 287–92;Google Scholar DavidFarneth, “Chronology of Weill's Life and Work,” in Kowalke, A New Orpheus, 356; Drew, David, Kurt Weill: A Handbook (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1987), 65;Google Scholar Taylor, Weill, 282.

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90. See the pertinent letters in Symonette and Kowalke, Speak Low, 306–459. Quotations Weill to Lenya, 8 and 19 Apr 1942, ibid., 320, 331.

91. Simon, “Faithful in Their Fashion,” 17.

92. Lenya's testimony in Symonette and Kowalke, Speak Low, 12–23; Spoto, Lenya, 34, 67; Taylor, Weill, 65.

93. Weill to Ruth [Weill], [1920], WC, Eve Hammerstein coll.

94. Symonette and Kowalke, Speak Low, 51 (Maurice Abravanel quoted ibid). See also Spoto, Lenya, 67–69.

95. Spoto, Lenya, 101; Taylor, Weill, 178.

96. Weill to Erika Neher, 2 and 29 May 1936, WC, Weill/Erika Neher corr.

97. Symonette and Kowalke, Speak Low, 66, 71, 80, 163; Weill to Lenya, 11, 19, and 26 Feb, 20 Mar 1935, ibid., 164, 168–69, 172, 176; Spoto, Lenya, 108, 111–19.

98. Symonette and Kowalke, Speak Low, 242, 285, 294, 367; Weill to Lenya, 3 May 1936, ibid., 193; Spoto, Lenya, 128–30, 156, 167, 170, 173.

99. For background see Weill to Lenya, 8 Mar 1935, in Symonette and Kowalke, Speak Low, 174.

100. Ibid., 521.

101. Lenya to Weill, 26 Jun 1944, ibid., 372.

102. Weill to Lenya, 28 Jun, 1, 3, 5, 10, 17, 20, 23 Jul 1944; Lenya to Weill, 2 and 18 Jul 1944, ibid., 376, 378–80, 385, 392, 395–96, 399.

103. Lenya to Weill, 7 Jul 1944, ibid., 382; Weill to Lenya, 28 Jul 1944, ibid., 404 (quotation). Weill and Lenya both often wrote “Joe” instead of “Jo.”

104. Lenya to Rita Weill, 28 Sep 1944, ibid., 446; Weill to Lenya, 11 Apr 1945 (quotation), ibid., 448.

105. Ibid., 483.

106. According to Spoto, Lenya, 178.

107. Symonette and Kowalke, Speak Low, 483. The quotations are from an interview with Maurice Abravanel in the WC.

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110. Ibid., 45.

111. Ibid., 75, 84, 87, 98–99, 106–7, 147.

112. Ibid., On Lehmann's pre-California months, see Kater, The Twisted Muse, 120; Jefferson, Alan, Lotte Lehmann, 1888–1976 (London, 1988), 146–49.Google Scholar

113. Crawford, Evenings On and Off the Roof.

114. Yates quoted ibid., 18.

115. Ibid., 32, 35, 44, 62–63, 68, 121, quotations 37–38 and 72.

116. Ibid., 34, 114.

117. See Schoenberg's letter to Bessie Bartlett Fraenkel (26 Nov 1935), printed ibid., 7–8; and Kater, The Twisted Muse, 108–13.

118. Yates quoted in Crawford, Evenings On and Off the Roof, 9.

119. Ibid., 34; Honegger, Marc and Massenkeil, Günther, eds., Das Grosse Lexikon der Musik: In acht Bänden, 8 vols., (Freiburg, 19781982), 7:273.Google Scholar

120. Kater, The Twisted Muse, 110.

121. Crawford, Evenings On and Off the Roof, 42 (Newlin quoted ibid). For child prodigy Dika Newlin's trenchant and often entertaining entries about her teacher, see her Schoenberg Remembered: Diaries and Recollections (1938–1976) (New York, 1980).Google Scholar

122. Crawford, Evenings On and Off the Roof, 48–49, 51, 56, 60, 65–68, 81, 85, 92, 96–97, 100, 112–15.

123. Ibid., 115.

124. Ibid., 116–17.