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² Ibid.

³ von Weizsäcker, Richard, From Weimar to the Wall: My Life in German Politics, trans. Hein, Ruth (New York: Broadway Books, 1999), 315Google Scholar.

⁴ Renner, Judith, “Germany – Czech Republic: Negotiating Apologies,” in Apology and Reconciliation in International Relations: The Importance of Being Sorry, eds. Daase, Christopher et al. (London: Routledge, 2016), 92Google Scholar.

⁵ Interview with Richard Schäfers, Foreign Policy Adviser (East Central Europe) in the chancellor's office in Bonn, June 8, 1994, quoted in Nagengast, Emil, “Coming to Terms with a ‘European Identity’: The Sudeten Germans between Bonn and Prague,” German Politics 5, no. 1 (1996): 89CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Czech-German Joint Historians’ Commission, Konfliktgemeinschaft, Katastrophe, Entspannung: Skizze einer Darstellung der deutsch-tschechischen Geschichte seit dem 19. Jahrhundert (Munich: Oldenbourg, 1996).

⁶ The term Sudeten Germans appeared in German-language journalism and literature in the early twentieth century to describe the German-speaking peoples of the Czech lands. Dejmek, J., “Historické kořeny tzv. Sudetoněmenkého problému v českých zemích do roku 1938,” in Kauza tzv. Benešovy dekrety: Historické ko eny a souvislosti, eds. Dejmek, J., Kuklík, J., and Němeček, J. (Prague: Historický ústav AV ČR, 1999), 7Google Scholar, cited in Bałon, Krzysztof et al. , “The Beneš Decrees: A Review of Positions,” The Polish Foreign Affairs Digest 2, no. 3 (2002): 14Google Scholar.

⁷ See McDermott, Kevin, Communist Czechoslovakia, 1945–89: A Political and Social History (London: Palgrave, 2015)Google Scholar.

⁸ Tampke, Jürgen, Czech-German Relations and the Politics of Central Europe: From Bohemia to the EU (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002)Google Scholar; Phillips, Ann L., “The Politics of Reconciliation Revisited: Germany and East-Central Europe,” World Affairs 163, no. 4 (2001): 171–91Google Scholar; and Phillips, Ann L., Power and Influence after the Cold War: Germany in East-Central Europe (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000)Google Scholar.

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¹¹ Tampke, Czech-German Relations and the Politics of Central Europe, 153.

¹² Pauer, Jan, “Moral Political Dissent in German-Czech Relations,” Czech Sociological Review 6, no. 2 (1998): 175Google Scholar.

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¹⁷ Phillips, “The Politics of Reconciliation Revisited,” 177.

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¹⁹ Gardner Feldman, Germany's Foreign Policy of Reconciliation, 206.

²⁰ Ibid; Phillips, “The Politics of Reconciliation Revisited,” 177.

²¹ Gardner Feldman, Germany's Foreign Policy of Reconciliation, 213.

²² See Jan Barcz and Jochen A. Frowein, “Gutachten zu Anspruchen aus Deutschland gegen Polen in Zusammenhang mit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg,” erstattet im Auftrag der Regierungen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und der Republik Polen, Heidelberg, November 2, 2004; Gardner Feldman, Germany's Foreign Policy of Reconciliation, 213.

²³ Tyszka, Stanisław, “Two Concepts of Victimhood: Property Restitution in the Czech Republic and Poland after 1989,” in Memory and Change in Europe: Eastern Perspectives, eds. Pakier, Małgorzata and Wawrzyniak, Joanna (Oxford: Berghahn, 2016)Google Scholar, 155, 160.

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³⁵ Hitler's “table conversations” on May 16 and 20 and July 4, 1942, quoted in Ritter, Gerhard, ed., Hitler's Tischgespräche im Führerhauptquartier, 1941/1942 (Bonn: Athenäum, 1951), 85, 91, 176–77Google Scholar, 288, and Rhode, Gotthold, “The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, 1939–1945,” in A History of the Czechoslovak Republic, 1918–1948, eds. Mamatey, Victor S. and Luža, Radomír (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973), 298Google Scholar.

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³⁹ Frumkin, Gregory, Population Changes in Europe since 1939 (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1951)Google Scholar, 50, cited in Rhode, “The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia,” 319.

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⁴² Gruner, “Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia,” 120.

⁴³ Kárný, Miroslav, “Die tschechischen Opfer der deutschen Okkupation,” in Der Weg in die Katastrophe: Deutsch-tschechoslowakische Beziehungen, 1938–1947, eds. Brandes, Detlef and Kural, Václav (Munich: Klartext, 1994), 151–64Google Scholar, cited in Gruner, “Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia,” 121.

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⁴⁶ Tampke, Czech-German Relations and the Politics of Central Europe, 79; Dostál Raška, The Czechoslovak Exile Government in London and the Sudeten German Issue, 59, 64.

⁴⁷ Houžvička, Czechs and Germans, 1848–2004, 295.

⁴⁸ Bałon et al., “The Beneš Decrees,” 24; Houžvička, Czechs and Germans, 1848–2004, 268.

⁴⁹ The Berlin-Potsdam Conference, July 17–August 2, 1945, “XII. Orderly Transfer of German Populations,” The Avalon Project, accessed August 10, 2016, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/decade17.asp.

⁵⁰ “Decree of the President of the Republic on 2 August 1945 concerning regulating the national status of individuals of German and Hungarian nationality (No. 33/1945) (Dekret presidenta republiky ze dne 2. srpen 1945 o úpravě československého státního občanství osob národnosti německé a maďarské),” Parliament Česke republiky, Poslanecká sněmovna, accessed July 17, 2016, http://www.psp.cz/docs/laws/dek/331945.html.

⁵¹ Pavel Winkler maintained that the term Beneš Decrees is deliberately misleading, implying individual autocracy on the part of Beneš when the Decrees were in fact executed by a National Council and merely carried the formal title “Presidential Decree.” However, mainstream scholarship since the 1990s as well as official legal bodies use the term and it has entered common usage. Winkler, Pavel, “The Czechoslovak Presidential Decrees, 1940–1945,” Perspectives 4 (1994/95): 14–15Google Scholar; Tampke, Czech-German Relations and the Politics of Central Europe, 91.

⁵² “Decree of the President of the Republic of 19 May 1945 on the invalidity of certain property rights from the time of oppression and the national administration of property of Germans, Hungarians, traitors and collaborators and certain organisations and institutes (No. 5/1945) (Dekret presidenta republiky ze dne 19. května 1945 o neplatnosti některých majetkově-právních jednání z doby nesvobody a o národní správě majetkových hodnot Němců, Maďarů, zrádců a kolaborantů a některých organisací a ústavů),” Parliament Česke republiky, Poslanecká sněmovna, July 17, 2016, http://www.psp.cz/docs/laws/dek/51945.html; “Decree of the President of the Republic of 19 May 1945,” Parliament Česke republiky, Poslanecká sněmovna; Houžvička, Czechs and Germans, 1848–2004, 320–21.

⁵³ “Decree of the President of the Republic of 25 October, 1945, on the confiscation of enemy property and the funds for national renewal (No. 108/1945) (dekret presidenta republiky ze dne 25. říjen 1945 o konfiskaci nepřátelského majetku a Fondech národní obnovy),” Parliament Česke republiky, Poslanecká sněmovna, July 17, 2016, http://www.psp.cz/docs/laws/dek/1081945.html.

⁵⁴ Phillips, “The Politics of Reconciliation Revisited,” 180.

⁵⁵ Tampke, Czech-German Relations and the Politics of Central Europe, 73; Salzborn, Samuel, “The German Myth of a Victim Nation: (Re-)presenting Germans as Victims in the New Debate on Their Flight and Expulsion from Eastern Europe,” in A Nation of Victims? Representations of German Wartime Suffering from 1945 to the Present, ed. Schmitz, Helmut (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2007), 98–100Google Scholar. See also, Eckersley, Susannah, “Walking the Tightrope between Memory and Diplomacy? Addressing the Post-Second World War Expulsions of Germans in German Museums,” in Museums, Migration and Identity in Europe, eds. Whitehead, Christopher et al. (London: Routledge, 2015), 101–02Google Scholar.

⁵⁶ Tampke, Czech-German Relations and the Politics of Central Europe, 73; Salzborn, “The German Myth of a Victim Nation,” 98–100.

⁵⁷ Eckersley, “Walking the Tightrope between Memory and Diplomacy,” 101–02.

⁵⁸ Kaplan, Karel, The Short March: The Communist Takeover in Czechoslovakia: 1945–1948 (London: C. Hurst and Company, 1987)Google Scholar, vii; Stone, Norman, “Introductory Essay,” in Czechoslovakia: Crossroads and Crises, 1918–88, eds. Stone, Norman and Strouhal, Eduard (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1989)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 6; Heimann, Mary, Czechoslovakia: The State that Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009) 173–74Google Scholar.

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⁶⁰ Kaplan, The Short March, ix.

⁶¹ “The Treaty of Prague (11 December 1973),” US Department of State Publication 9446, Documents on Germany 1944–1985, March 20, 2016, http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_treaty_of_prague_11_december_1973-en-0714c937-28b6-452a-86d2-ed164f64fcae.html.

⁶² Havel quoted in Hauner, Czechs and Germans, 1.

⁶³ Ibid.

⁶⁴ Scholars have misreported the chronology of events, placing Havel's letter shortly after his election to the presidency. In Tampke's study, for example, “Shortly after his election to the Presidency, Havel wrote a letter to the German President, Richard von Weizsäcker …” Czech-German Relations and the Politics of Central Europe, 142.

⁶⁵ Žantovský, Havel: A Life, 447; Havel, Václav, To the Castle and Back, trans. Wilson, Paul (London: Portobello Books, 2008), 113Google Scholar.

⁶⁶ Ibid.

⁶⁷ Hauner, Czechs and Germans, 3.

⁶⁸ Havel, Václav, The Art of the Impossible: Politics as Morality in Practice, Speeches and Writings, 1990–1996, trans. Wilson, Paul (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997), 22Google Scholar.

⁶⁹ Richard von Weizsäcker, “Ein Zeichen des Vertrauens: Ansprache aus Anlaß des 15. März 1939 im Wladislaw-Saal der Prager Burg (15. März 1990),” Deutsche Botschaft Prag, April 5, 2016, http://www.prag.diplo.de/Vertretung/prag/de/03/Seite__Weizsaecker.html.

⁷⁰ Ibid.

⁷¹ Ibid.

⁷² Renner, “Germany – Czech Republic,” 91; Raue, “Doppelpunkt hinter der Geschichte,” 126–30.

⁷³ Phillips, “The Politics of Reconciliation Revisited,” 176, 189; Phillips, Power and Influence after the Cold War, 74–79; Renner, “Germany – Czech Republic,” 91, 102–03; Fisch, Jörg, “From Weakening an Enemy to Strengthening an Ally: The United States and German Reparations,” in The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1990: 1945–1968, ed. Junker, Detlef, Vol. 1 (Washington D.C.: German Historical Institute, 2004), 274Google Scholar.

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⁷⁵ Pogony, Righting Wrongs in Eastern Europe, 151.

⁷⁶ Pehe, Jiří, “Legal Difficulties Beset the Czech Restitution Process,” RFE/RL Research Report 3, no. 28 (15 July 1994): 7Google Scholar; Barkan, Elazar, The Guilt of Nations: Restitution and Negotiating Historical Injustices (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 149Google Scholar.

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⁷⁹ Ibid., 7, 9.

⁸⁰ Phillips, “The Politics of Reconciliation Revisited,” 186–87; Houžvička, Czechs and Germans, 1848–2004, 331, 348–49.

⁸¹ Tampke, Czech-German Relations and the Politics of Central Europe, 171.

⁸² Hofhansel, Multilateralism, German Foreign Policy and Central Europe, 44; Tampke, Czech-German Relations and the Politics of Central Europe, 171; Pauer, “Moral Political Dissent in Czech-German Relations,” 174.

⁸³ Tampke, Czech-German Relations and the Politics of Central Europe, 144; William Drozdiak, “A New Rift over an Old Exodus,” The Washington Post, December 8, 1996.

⁸⁴ Tampke, Czech-German Relations and the Politics of Central Europe, 144.

⁸⁵ Martin, Peter, “New Law on Land Privatization Passed,” Report on Eastern Europe 29 (19 July 1991): 12Google Scholar; Bren, “Czech Restitution Laws Rekindle Sudeten Germans’ Grievances,” 21.

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⁸⁷ Bren, “Czech Restitution Laws Rekindle Sudeten Germans’ Grievances,” 22; Pehe, “Legal Difficulties Beset the Czech Restitution Process,” 11; Walter Becher, “Letter from Walter Becher (President of the Sudetendeutsche Landsmannschaft) to the President of the United States, regarding Czechoslovakia's gold deposits in the USA as indemnification for refugees and expellees from Czechoslovakia,” Auswärtiges Amt, Politisches Archiv (PA AA), B 42 (ZA), 132791, January 27, 1978.

⁸⁸ Agreement on Good Neighbourly Relations and Friendly Cooperation, Czechoslovakia–Germany 1900 UNITS 27 (signed 27 February 1992); Renner, “Germany – Czech Republic,” 91.

⁸⁹ Klaus Kinkel, “Regierungserklärung zu den deutsche-tschechischen Beziehungen, abgegeben von Bundesaußenminister Klaus Kinkel vor dem Deutschen Bundestag in Bonn am 17. März 1995,” Auswärtiges Amt, Mitteilungen für die Presse Nr. 1016/95, June 11, 2016, www.forost.ungarisches-institut.de/pdf/19950317-1.pdf.

⁹⁰ Pithart quoted in Martin, “New Law on Land Privatization Passed,” 12.

⁹¹ Václav Havel, “Czechs and Germans on the Way to Good Neighbourship,” Perspectives 4 (1994/95): 9–10.

⁹² Ibid., 10.

⁹³ Kunštát, “Czech-German Relations after the Fall of the Iron Curtain,” 154; Houžvička, Czechs and Germans, 1848–2004, 396.

⁹⁴ Houžvička, Czechs and Germans, 1848–2004, 396.

⁹⁵ Ibid., 398; Kunštát, “Czech-German Relations after the Fall of the Iron Curtain,” 156; Bren, “Czech Restitution Laws Rekindle Sudeten Germans’ Grievances,” 21.

⁹⁶ Bren, “Czech Restitution Laws Rekindle Sudeten Germans’ Grievances,” 21.

⁹⁷ Havel, To the Castle and Back, 139–40.

⁹⁸ “Bittere Gefühle,” Der Spiegel, May 1, 1995, cited in Phillips, “The Politics of Reconciliation Revisited,” 185. See also Nagengast, “Coming to Terms with a ‘European Identity,’ ” 91; Pauer, “Moral Political Dissent in German-Czech Relations,” 175.

⁹⁹ Nagengast, “Coming to Terms with a ‘European Identity,’ ” 92.

¹⁰⁰ Houžvička, Czechs and Germans, 1848–2004, 396.

¹⁰¹ Quint, Peter E., The Imperfect Union: Constitutional Structures of German Unification (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), 284Google Scholar; Cottey, Andrew, East-Central Europe after the Cold War: Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary in Search of Security (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1995), 70CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹⁰³ Pauer, “Moral Political Dissent in German-Czech Relations,” 174.

¹⁰⁴ Fisch, “From Weakening an Enemy to Strengthening an Ally,” 274.

¹⁰⁵ Ibid.

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¹⁰⁷ Roland Eggleston, “Germany: The Sudeten Problem Lingers,” RFE/RL Research Report (August 10, 1998), cited in Nagengast, “The Beneš Decrees and EU Enlargement,” 336.

¹⁰⁸ Kunštát, “Czech-German Relations after the Fall of the Iron Curtain,” 160.

¹⁰⁹ Pauer, “Moral Political Dissent in German-Czech Relations,” 175.

¹¹⁰ Ibid.

¹¹¹ Ryback, “Dateline Sudetenland,” 171.

¹¹² Pauer, “Moral Political Dissent in German-Czech Relations,” 176; Bren, “Czech Restitution Laws Rekindle Sudeten Germans’ Grievances,” 21.

¹¹³ Nagengast, “The Beneš Decrees and EU Enlargement,” 338; Phillips, Power and Influence after the Cold War, 83.

¹¹⁴ The extra “of law” qualification distinguishes natural law theories as they pertain to law from natural law theories of morality generally.

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¹¹⁷ The modern natural law theory of law, insofar as it asserts that there is something legally deficient about an unjust law, has much of its intellectual foundation in the works of Thomas Aquinus: see ST I-11, Q. 95, Obj. 4, On Law, Morality, and Politics, eds. William P. Baumgarth and Richard J. Regan (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1988), 59. Prominent seventeenth- and eighteenth-century English jurists Edward Coke and William Blackstone developed the concept within the common law; see Sir Coke, Edward, The Selected Writings and Speeches of Sir Edward Coke, ed. Sheppard, Steve, Vol. 1 (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2003), 195–97Google Scholar and Blackstone, William, Commentaries on the Law of England (1899) (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1979), 41Google Scholar. In his recent treatise on the historic influence of natural law theory, Helmholz argued that early English, continental European and American jurisprudence understood and applied natural law theory remarkably consistently: see Helmholz, R. H., Natural Law in Court: A History of Legal Theory in Practice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Consider, for example, Article 7 of the Austrian Civil Code of 1811 (applicable to the Bohemian lands) and Lücke, Horst Klaus, “The European Natural Law Codes: The Age of Reason and the Powers of Government,” University of Queensland Law Journal 31, no. 1 (2012): 30Google Scholar. For a twentieth-century discussion of the natural law theory of law, see Fuller, Lon L., The Morality of Law (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964)Google Scholar and Finnis, John, Natural Law and Natural Rights (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980)Google Scholar.

¹¹⁸ Decision of the Czech Constitutional Court, “1995/03/08 - Pl. ÚS 14/94: Beneš Decrees,” Ústavní soud České republiky, June 24, 2016, http://www.usoud.cz/en/decisions/19950308-pl-us-1494-benes-decrees-1/.

¹¹⁹ Archiv des Liberalismus, Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung, Federal Democratic Party (FDP) Holdings, N89-84, 68, Klaus Kinkel, “Rede des Bundesministers des Auswärtigen, Dr. Klaus Kinkel, 04. September 1993,” September 4, 1993.

¹²⁰ Kinkel, “Regierungserklärung zu den deutsche-tschechischen Beziehungen, abgegeben von Bundesaußenminister Klaus Kinkel vor dem Deutschen Bundestag in Bonn am 17. März 1995.”

¹²¹ von Weizsäcker, Richard, “Verständigung in der Mitte Europas. Vortrag von Dr. Richard von Weizsäcker,” in Gespräche mit dem Nachbarn, ed. Klener, Pavel (Prague: Karls Universität, 1997), 235Google Scholar.

¹²² Ibid.

¹²³ Waigel quoted in Ryback, “Dateline Sudetenland,” 162–63.

¹²⁴ Decision of the Czech Constitutional Court, “1995/03/08 - Pl. ÚS 14/94: Beneš Decrees.”

¹²⁵ Ibid.

¹²⁶ Ibid.

¹²⁷ Ibid.

¹²⁸ Ibid.

¹²⁹ Ibid.

¹³⁰ Ibid.

¹³¹ Ryback, “Dateline Sudetenland,” 174.

¹³² Pauer, “Moral Political Dissent in German-Czech Relations,” 183.

¹³³ Ibid., 182.

¹³⁴ Ibid., 185.

¹³⁵ Havel, The Art of the Impossible, 23.

¹³⁶ Ibid., 23, 26.

¹³⁷ Havel, “Czechs and Germans on the Way to Good Neighborship,” 7, 10.

¹³⁸ Ibid., 10.

¹³⁹ Zieleniec, Josef, “Tschechen und Deutsche–Nachbarn im sich einigenden Europa. Vortrag von Josef Zieleniec, Minister für Auswärtige Angelegenheiten der Tschechischen Republik,” in Gespräche mit dem Nachbarn, ed. Klener, Pavel (Prague: Karls Universität, 1997), 213Google Scholar.

¹⁴⁰ See Sellars, Kirsten, “Imperfect Justice at Nuremberg and Tokyo,” European Journal of International Law 21, no. 4 (2010): 1085–1102CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁴¹ Petr Pithard cited in Martin, “New Law on Land Privatization Passed,” 12.

¹⁴² Pehe, “Legal Difficulties Beset the Czech Restitution Process,” 12; Winkler, “The Czechoslovak Presidential Decrees, 1940–1945,” 14.

¹⁴³ Havel quoted in Winkler, “The Czechoslovak Presidential Decrees, 1940–1945,” 21; Havel, “Czechs and Germans on the Way to Good Neighborship,” 9.

¹⁴⁴ Interview with Václav Kural, Institute for International Relations, Prague, June 19, 1995, cited in Phillips, Power and Influence after the Cold War, 84.

¹⁴⁵ Havel, “Czechs and Germans on the Way to Good Neighborship,” 10.

¹⁴⁶ Deutscher Bundestag, Wahlperiode 12, Plenarprotokoll 12/93, May 22, 1992, 7686.

¹⁴⁷ In legal terms, ex nunc (invalid from now on). Mosler, Hermann, The International Society as a Legal Community (Alphen aan den Rijn: Sijthoff and Noordhoff, 1980), 103Google Scholar; Tampke, Czech-German Relations and the Politics of Central Europe, 134; Schiller, Charles A., “Closing a Chapter of History: Germany's Right to Compensation for the Sudetenland,” Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 26, no. 2 (1994): 411Google Scholar; Baade, Hans W., “Nullity and Avoidance in Public International Law: A Preliminary Survey and a Theoretical Orientation,” Indiana Law Journal 39, no. 3 (1964): 507Google Scholar. Dean, Robert W., “Bonn-Prague Relations: The Politics of Reconciliation,” The World Today 29, no. 4 (1973): 154Google Scholar.

¹⁴⁸ Tampke, Czech-German Relations and the Politics of Central Europe, 153.

¹⁴⁹ Dean, “Bonn-Prague Relations,” 154.

¹⁵⁰ Gardner Feldman, Germany's Foreign Policy of Reconciliation, 269; Hofhansel, Multilateralism, German Foreign Policy and Central Europe, 37; Dean, “Bonn-Prague Relations,” 154–55; Raue, “Doppelpunkt hinter der Geschichte,” 61.

¹⁵¹ In legal terms, ex tunc (invalid from the outset). Dean, “Bonn-Prague Relations,” 154; Mosler, The International Society as a Legal Community, 103; Tampke, Czech-German Relations and the Politics of Central Europe, 133–34.

¹⁵² Winkler, “The Czechoslovak Presidential Decrees, 1940–1945,” 18–20.

¹⁵³ Kunštát, “Czech-German Relations after the Fall of the Iron Curtain,” 149–50; Hofhansel, Multilateralism, German Foreign Policy and Central Europe, 29; Wheeler-Bennett, John and Nicholls, Anthony, The Semblance of Peace: The Political Settlement after the Second World War (London: Macmillan, 1972), 612CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Tampke, Czech-German Relations and the Politics of Central Europe, 134; Hughes, R. Gerald, “The Ghosts of Appeasement: Britain and the Legacy of the Munich Agreement,” Journal of Contemporary History 48, no. 4 (2013): 704CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁵⁴ Kunštát, “Czech-German Relations after the Fall of the Iron Curtain,” 149–50; Hofhansel, Multilateralism, German Foreign Policy and Central Europe, 29; Wheeler-Bennett and Nicholls, The Semblance of Peace, 612; Hughes, “The Ghosts of Appeasement,” 704; Tampke, Czech-German Relations and the Politics of Central Europe, 134; Schiller, “Closing a Chapter of History,” 412–13.

¹⁵⁵ Ibid.

¹⁵⁶ Malawer, Stuart S., Imposed Treaties and International Law (New York: Hein Publishers, 1977), 101Google Scholar; Schiller, “Closing a Chapter of History,” 411; Mosler, The International Society as a Legal Community, 103; Hofhansel, Multilateralism, German Foreign Policy and Central Europe, 36.

¹⁵⁷ Such as the Czechoslovak government desired in negotiations preceding the 1973 Treaty of Prague. Malawer, Imposed Treaties and International Law, 101; Schiller, “Closing a Chapter of History,” 411; Mosler, The International Society as a Legal Community, 103; Hofhansel, Multilateralism, German Foreign Policy and Central Europe, 36.

¹⁵⁸ Hofhansel, Multilateralism, German Foreign Policy and Central Europe, 36; Marek, Identity and Continuity of States in Public International Law, 321–22; Cabada, Ladislav and Waisová, Šárka, Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic in World Politics (New York: Lexington Books, 2011), 43Google Scholar; Whiteman, Marjorie M., ed., “The Munich Agreement and Teschen,” Department of State Publication 7737, Digest of International Law 3 (1964): 159Google Scholar.

¹⁵⁹ P. Webster, “Major and Havel bury Munich Pact,” The Times, May 28, 1992, and P. Webster, “Munich Agreement torn up by Major,” The Independent, May 28, 1992, cited in Hughes, “The Ghosts of Appeasement,” 715.

¹⁶⁰ Houžvička, Czechs and Germans, 1848–2004, 398; Bren, “Czech Restitution Laws Rekindle Sudeten Germans’ Grievances,” 21.

¹⁶¹ Chancellor Willy Brandt quoted in Hughes, “The Ghosts of Appeasement,” 707–08; “Rede von Bundeskanzler Brandt am. 15 Februar 1973 (Auszüge),” in 40 Jahre Aussenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Eine Dokumentation (Bonn: Auswärtiges Amt, 1989), 272, quoted in Hughes, “The Ghosts of Appeasement,” 709.

¹⁶² “The Treaty of Prague (11 December 1973),” US Department of State Publications; Tampke, Czech-German Relations and the Politics of Central Europe, 135.

¹⁶³ Weizsäcker, “Verständigung in der Mitte Europas,” 235; “German-Czech Declaration on Mutual Relations and Their Future Development,” Deutscher Bundestag, March, 22, 2016, www.bundestag.de/kulturundgeschichte/geschichte/gastredner/havel/havel2/244732.

¹⁶⁴ Herzog, Roman, “Europa ist eine Gemeinschaft des Friedens, der Freiheit und der Demokratie: Rede vor dem Tschechischen Parlament auf der Prager Burg am 29. April 1997,” in Demokratie als Friedensstrategie: Reden und Beiträge des Bundespräsidenten, ed. Lutz, Dieter S. (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1997), 127Google Scholar.

¹⁶⁵ Havel, “Czechs and Germans on the Way to Good Neighborship,” 8.

¹⁶⁶ Professors Vošta, L. and Hobza, A. in Zajíček, Karel, ed., Český národ soudí: K. H. Franka (Prague: Ministerstvo informatiky, 1947), 185Google Scholar.

¹⁶⁷ Decision of the Czech Constitutional Court, “1995/03/08 - Pl. ÚS 14/94: Beneš Decrees.”

¹⁶⁸ See notes 153–55. Czech officials also repudiated the Munich Agreement on the grounds that it had been a pact of detriment to a third party and therefore inadmissible in international law, had failed to implement border changes in the constitutionally sanctioned manner, and had been imposed in contravention of customary international law and treaties to which all parties had been signatories.

¹⁶⁹ “The Treaty of Prague (11 December 1973),” US Department of State Publications.

¹⁷⁰ Ibid.; Tampke, Czech-German Relations and the Politics of Central Europe, 135; Mosler, The International Society as a Legal Community, 104.

¹⁷¹ Tampke, Czech-German Relations and the Politics of Central Europe, 153.

¹⁷² For discussion of the provision, see Phillips, Power and Influence after the Cold War, 83; Pauer, “Moral Political Dissent in German-Czech Relations,” 174; Quint, The Imperfect Union, 284.

¹⁷³ Frank quoted in Houžvička, Czechs and Germans, 1848–2004, 357.

¹⁷⁴ “German-Czech Declaration on Mutual Relations and Their Future Development, 21 January 1997,” Deutscher Bundestag.

¹⁷⁵ Phillips, Power and Influence after the Cold War, 75; Renner, “Germany – Czech Republic,” 97.

¹⁷⁶ “German-Czech Declaration on Mutual Relations and Their Future Development, 21 January 1997,” Deutscher Bundestag.

¹⁷⁷ Renner, “Germany – Czech Republic,” 96–97.

¹⁷⁸ Pauer, “The Problem of Ethical Norms and Values in the Czech-German Discussion,” 67.

¹⁷⁹ Hofhansel, Multilateralism, German Foreign Policy and Central Europe, 63.

¹⁸⁰ Ibid.; for a discussion of Jewish restitution in post-communist Czechoslovakia, see Barkan, The Guilt of Nations, 148–56.

¹⁸¹ Hall, “The Persistent Spectre,” 302; Morgenthau, “Positivism, Functionalism, and International Law,” 269.

¹⁸² D'Amato, “The Relation of Jurisprudential Theories to International Politics and Law,” 274.

¹⁸³ Ibid., 264.

¹⁸⁴ Ibid.

¹⁸⁵ D'Amato, “The Relation of Jurisprudential Theories to International Politics and Law,” 274–75.