This article is based on a paper given at the AHA Conference in San Francisco in December 1989. Thanks are due above all to Professor Henry Friedlander, who conceived of and organized the panel. Equally appreciated were the comments and suggestions of my fellow panelists, Professor Richard Breitman of American University and Dr. Elizabeth White of the Office of Special Investigations. Finally, my former doctoral advisor, Professor Istvan Deak of Columbia University, continued to exert his valuable and benevolent influence during the rewrite. Any opinions or mistakes in this article are my responsibility alone.

1. On Hitler's vision of the Reich, see Jäckel, Eberhard, Hitlers Weltanschauung. Entwurf einer Herrschaft (Tübingen, 1969), 40–41;Google ScholarRich, Norman, Hitler's War Aims: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion (New York, 1973), 8.Google Scholar On Himmler, see speeches of Himmler, 29 February 1940 and 9 June 1942, in Heinrich Himmler. Geheimreden 1933 bis 1945 und andere Ansprachen, Smith, Bradley F. and Peterson, Agnes F., eds. (Frankfurt/Main, 1974), 127, 129, 140–41, 159.Google Scholar

2. Browning, Christopher R., “Nazi Resettlement Policy and the Search for a Solution to the Jewish Question, 1939–1941,” German Studies Review 9, no. 3 (1986): 501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar On Himmler's appointment as RKFDV, see Koehl, Robert L., RKFSV: German Resettlement and Population Policy, 1939–1945 (Cambridge, 1975), 51;Google ScholarRolf-Dieter, Müller, Hitlers Ostkrieg und die deutsche Siedlungspolitik: Die Zusammenarbeit von Wehrmacht, Wirtschaft und SS (Frankfurt, 1991), 90–92.Google Scholar

3. Broszat, Martin, Nationalsozialistische Polenpolitik 1939–1945 (Stuttgart, 1965), 60;Google ScholarKoehl, Robert L., The Black Corps: The Structure and Power Struggles of the Nazi SS (Madison, 1983), 179.Google Scholar

4. Jacobmeyer, Wolfgang, “Der Überfall auf Polen und der neue Charakter des Krieges,” in Klessmann, Christoph, ed., September 1939: Krieg, Besatzung, Widerstand in Polen (Göttingen, 1989), 23–24;Google Scholar notes of Hitler's 17 October 1939 conference with the armed forces high command, 20 October 1939, 864–PS, International Military Tribunal (hereafter: IMT), Trial of the Major War Criminals (Nuremberg, 1947), vol. 26, 379.Google Scholar

5. White, Elizabeth B., “Majdanek: Cornerstone of Himmler's SS Empire in the East,” Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual, 7 (1991): 5;Google ScholarCzeslaw, Madajczyk, Die Okkupationspolitik Nazideutschlands in Polen 1939–1945 (Berlin, 1987), 439;Google ScholarGoshen, Seev, “Eichmann und die Nisko-Aktion im Oktober 1939,” Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 29, no. 1 (1981): 79.Google Scholar

6. Before the addition of the Galicia District in August 1941, Poles and Jews comprised 92 percent of the Government General's population. Only 24,038 ethinic Germans resided in Lublin District, 1,018 percent of the population. See “Die Unterabteilung Bevölkerungswesen und Fürsorge: Trägerin der volkspolitischen Arbeit im Generalgouverment,” n.d. (late 1941), proceedings against Josef Bühler (hereafter: Bühler Trial), NTN 282, 52, Glówna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Prezeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, Warsaw (hereafter GKBZPNP); office of the Governor General, “Bericht über den Aufbau im Generalgouvernment bis 1. July 1940,” July 1940, ibid., NTN 277, 17–18.

7. Circle of the Reichsführer SS and Chief of German Police (signed Daluege), “Vorläufige Richtlinien für die Organisation des Selbstschutzes in Polen,” 7 October 1939, file Polizer-Bataillon 104, 314, sygn. 8, 1–4, Wojwódzkie Archiwum Państwowe w Lublinie, Lublin (hereafter: WAPL).

8. Umbreit, Hans, Deutsche Militärverwaltungen 1938/39: Die militärische Besetzung der Tschechoslowakei und Polens (Stuttgart, 1977), 176–81; Broszat, Polenpolitik, 62–64.Google Scholar

9. Order of Himmler, “Stellenbesstzung der SS und Polizei im Generalgouvernment,” 1 November 1939, K. Hintze SS file, Berlin Document Center (hereafter: BDC).

10. “Arbeitssitzung am 23. April 1940,” 40–41, Service Diary of Governor General Hans Frank (hereafter: Frank Diary) vol, 9, RG–238, 2233–PS, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C. (hereafter: NARA). Extensive excerpts in Präg, Werner and Jacobmeyer, Wolfgang, eds., Das Diensttagebuch des deutschen Generalgouverneurs in Polen, 1939–1945 (Stuttgart, 1975).Google Scholar

11. Birn, Ruth Bettin., Die höheren SS-und Polizeriführer: Himmlers Vertreter im Reich und in den besetzten Gebieten (Düsseldorf, 1986), 399;Google Scholar Broszat, Polenpolitik, 60–61.

12. Ziegler, Herbert F., Nazi Germany's New Aristocracy: The SS Leadership, 1925–1939 (Princeton, 1989), 58;Google ScholarHöhne, Heinz, The Order of the Death's Head: The Story of Hitler's SS (New York, 1971), 411–12. For Globocnik's background and early Nazi career, see relevent documentation in his SS personnel file. BDC;Google ScholarBlack, Peter, “Odilo Globocnik: Himmler's Vorposten im Osten,” in Schmelser, Ronald, et al., Die Braune Elite, vol. 2 (Darmstadt: forthcoming in 1993).Google Scholar

13. “Verordnung über die Einführung der Arbeitspflicht für die jüdische Bevöbrung des Generalgouvernements,” both signed Frank, 26 October 1939, in Verordnungsblatt des Generalgouverneurs für die besetzten polnischen Gebiete (hereafter: VOBI. GG), no. 1, 26 October 1939, 5–6, Library of Congress.

14. Globocnik had come to Lublin just ten months after he was removed as Gauleiter of Vienna under suspicion of having misappropriated Nazi party funds and property confiscated from Austrian Jews for the personal use of cronies. Botz, Gerhard, Nationalsozialismus in Wien: Machtübernahme und Herrschaftssicherung, 1938/1939 (Buchloe, 1988), 413–24.Google Scholar

15. At present there is no literature specifically on the Lublin Selbstschutz. On the Selbstschutz in general, see, Broszat, Polenpolitik, 62–64; Umbreit, Militärverwaltungen, 176–81; “Einsatzgruppen in Polen,” Zentrale Stelle in Ludwigsburg, vol. 2 (Ludwigsburg, 1963), 43–126; Mańkowshi, Zygmunt, Między Wisłą a Bugiem, 1939–1944: Studium o polityce okupanta i postawach społeczeństwa (Lublin, 1978), 107–8.Google Scholar

16. Krüger to Gunst, 14 November 1939, W. Gunst SS file, BDC; Madajczyk, Okkupationspolitik, 201–3.

17. Immigration Processing Sheet, n. d., A. Kutz Central Office for Immigration (Einwandererzentralstelle—EWZ) file, BDC. Judgment in proceedings against Friedrich Paulus, 26 May 1977, 6, file 4 Ks 1/74, Staatsanwaltschaft Frankfurt/Main (hereafter: Paulus Judgment, May 1977). An SS officer, Paulus is not to be confused with the field marshall who surrendered at Stalingrad.

18. Interviews of J. K. and L. Z. conducted by the Office of Special Investigations in Germany, 17 May 1984 and 18 may 1984; statement of A. J., 5 Dcember 1963, proceedings against Friedrich Paulus, file 4 Ks 1/74 (hereafter: Paulus Trial), vol. 3, 358, Staatsanwaltschaft Frankfurt; race and settlement questionnaire, 14 March 1944, R. Bulitz SS file, BDC.

19. Statement of E. B., 29 April 1966, Paulus Trial, vol. 4, 600–602.

20. Naturalization processing sheets in 281 EWZ files, BDC.

21. See sources in note 13 above. See also “Verordnung über die Pflicht zur Anmeldung jüdischen Vermögens im Generalgouvernement,” 24 january 1940, in VOBI. GG, 1940, part 1 no. 7, 29 January 1940, 31–35.

22. On Reich demand, see Homze, Edward L., Foreign Labor in the Third Reich (Princeton, 1967), 30;Google ScholarHerbert, Ulrich, Fremdarbeiter: Politik und Praxis des “Ausländer-Einsatzes” in der Kriegswirtschaft des Dritten Reiches (Berlin, 1985), 67–70.Google Scholar On the role of the Selbstschutz, see Globocnik to Zörner, 6 October 1940, file Gouverneur, Distrikt Lublin, sygn. 755, 4–5, WAPL; Natter to Jache, 1 April 1940, ibid., 6–7; memorandum of Jache, 8 April 1940, ibid., sygn. 759, 138; Dziadosz, Edward and Marszałek, Józef, “Więzienia i obozy w dystrykcie lubelskim w latach 1939–1944,” in Zeszyty Majdanka, 3 (1969): 99, 101.Google Scholar

23. Between 200,000 and 250,000 Jews (less than 10 percent of the population) resided in Lublin District on 1 September 1939. To this must be added some 40,000 Jews deported to Lublin from the annexed portions of Poland in the winter of 1939–1940. See … July 1940, Bühler Trial, NTN 277, 207, GKBZPNP; “Unterabteilung…” n. d., ibid., NTN 282, 79, 81, see note 6; “Zahl der jüdischen Bevölkerung im Distrikt Lublin,” n. d., file Judenrat, sygn. 149, 1–2. WAPL.

24. Mańkowski, Między, 98.

25. Statement of J. O., 26 February 1964, Paulus Trial, vol. 2, 338; Lajbel Hecht and Maja Kuchcik to Jewish Council, 19 October 1940, sygn. 20, 48, WAPL; service evalution of Gunst, 17 July 1940, W. Gunst SS file, BDC.

26. Circlar of Globocnik to SS and police authorities, 7 December 1939, file Polizei-Batallion 104, 304, sygn. 36, 1, WAPL; circular of Globocnik, 21 December 1939, file Kreishauptmann Lublin Land, sygn. 19, 20–21, WAPL. Gunst was later arrested for having had sexual relations with a Polish woman while under investigation for yet another embezzlement charge. See relevent correspondence in W. Gunst SS file, BDC.

27. Kreishauptmann Janów to office of the Governot General, 7 June 1940, Bühler Trial, NTN 272, 117–18, GKBZPNP; Zörner to office of the Governor General, Kraków, 3 July 1940, ibid., NTN 273, 73. Kreishauptmann was the term for the chief of the civilian administration in the Government General at the country level; the Stadthauptmann was his municipal counterpart. For the sake of convenience, I will continue to use the German terms.

28. “Wydatki obozu pracy,” 7 December 1939, file Judenrat, sygn. 43, 1, WAPL; Dziadosz and Marsałek, “Więzienia,” 81.

29. “Wydatki obozu pracy,” 7 December 1939, file Judenrat, sygn. 43, 1; “Alhaltungskosten des Arbeitslagen [sic!],” 19 December 1939, ibid., 9.

30. Globocnik to higher SS and police leader East, 13 August 1940, H. Dolp SS file BDC. Dolp, who sported a criminal rap sheet dating back to the time of Kaiser Wilhelm II, had recently been demoted by Himmler for participating in a drunken brawl with Nazi party officials.

31. Statement of J. K., 15 June 1967, Paulus Trial, vol. 6, 862. It is not clear from the statement that the Selbstschutz recruits had not unsuccessfully assaulted the women.

32. Statement of H. M., 17 August 1967, ibid., 899.

33. Mordechaj Ender to the Jewish Council, 7 March 1940, file Judenrat, sygn. 20, 40, WAPL; Fajwel Lichtenberg to the Jewish Council, 7 March 1940, ibid., 41; Szloma Halberstadt to the Jewish Council, 21 March 1940, ibid., 49. The purpose of these reports was to seek protection from the arbitrary violence of the Selbstschutz, an indication of the Jews’ incomprehension of what the future held for them.

34. Breitman, Richard, The Architect of Genocide: Himmler and the Final Solution (New York, 1991), 96.Google Scholar

35. [Orts-] Kommandantur [1/524] to Department I (Deployment Security), “Auszugaus der Niederschrift von der Besprechung mit Polizei-Kommandeuren biem H. K. [Heereskommando] XXXII am 8.12.39,” 10 December 1939, file Ortskommandantur 1/524, sygn. 31, 378–79, WAPL; Globocnik to Chief, District Lublin, 13 February 1940, file Gouverneur, Distrikt Lublin, sygn. 891, 10, WAPL.

36. “Protokoll über die am 22.4.40 beim SS- und Polizeiführer stattgefundene Besprechung betreffend den Einsatz jüdischer Zwangsarbeiter,” signed Dr. Hofbauer, n. d., file Gouverneur, Distrikt Lublin, sygn. 891, 90–94, WAPL; service evalution for Willi Stemmler, 10 August 1940, W. Stemmler SS file, BDC.

37. Report [7 June 1940], file Judenrat, sygn. 26, 75, WAPL; report of the Jewish Council, 6 June 1940, ibid., 13; Kreishauptmann Puławy to Hofbauer, 21 June 1940, file Gouverneur, Distrikt Lublin, sygn. 891, 168, WAPL.

38. Circular of the Governor General/labor department, to labor offices, 5 June 1940, file Gouberneur, Distrikt Lublin, sygn. 745, 9–14, WAPL; Krüger to Frauendorfer, 13 June 1940, ibid., sygn. 748, 1–2; circular of higher SS and police leader East to Kreis and Stadthauptleute, 4 July 1940, ibid., 6–8.

39. See, for example, memorandum of Marwan, “Bericht des Leiters des Arbeitsamtes Zamosc über die Erfahrung bei Durchführung der polizeilichen Judenrazzia am 13.– 14.8.1940,” 16 August 1940, ibid., sygn. 748, 45–46; report of the Biała-Podlaska labor office, 17 August 1940, ibid., 49–50.

40. Dziadosz and Marszałek, “Więzienia,” 60–61; Hilberg, Raul, The Destruction of the European Jews, rev. ed. (New York, London, 1985), 253; Breitman, Architect, 96.Google Scholar

41. Recommendations for War Meritorious Service Cross with Swords, signed Globocnik, 30 November 1940, Zbiór wniosków na odznaczenia/file SSPF Lublin, VII/1, 9–17, GKBZPNP; Globoonik to higher SS and police leader East, 13 August 1940, H. Dolp SS file, BDC; report of Kreishauptmann Zamość in “Lageberichte der Kreis- und Stadthauptleute für den Monat Mai 1940,” 17 June 1940, Bühler Trial, NTN 269, 148, GKBZPNP.

42. On arrival of Gypsies, see cable of the Commander of the Order Police in Kraków [signed Major Ragger] to Government General, Office of Population and Welfare, 18 may 1940, file Gouverneur, Distrikt Lublin, sygn. 203, 4, WAPL; memorandum of Damrau [18 or 19 July], ibid., sygn. 63, 26. On conditions, see quote in Dziadosz and Marsałk, “Więzienia,” 61, ftn. 23. On fate, see Kenrick, Donald and Puxon, Grattan, The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies (London, 1972), 78–79.Google Scholar

43. Report of the Jewish Council in Lublin, “Sprawozdanie z działności za okres od 1. września 1939r. do 1. września 1940r…” n. d., file Judenrat, sygn. 8, 52, WAPL. For comparable, through different figures, see “Sprawozdanie z działalności Centralnej Rady Obozowej w Bełzcu za czas od 13 czerwea do 5 grudnia 1941 [sic! 1940] roku,” 4 March 1941, ibid., sygn. 47, 4, 10, 26–29.

44. Statement of R.F., 4 November 1968, Paulus Trial, vol. 9, 1661–62; “Sprawozdanie,” 4 March 1941, file Judenrat, sygn. 47, 2–4, 6–8, 26–29, WAPL; “Sprawozdanie… do 1. września 1940r.,” ibid., sygn. 8. 52; report of the Jewish Council in Warsaw, published in Eksterminacja Żydów na ziemiach polskich w okresie okupacji hitlerowskiej: Zbiór dokumentów, Berenstein, T., Eisenbach, A., Rutkowski, A., eds. (Warsaw, 1975), 223–24.Google Scholar

45. Kreishauptmann Zamość to office of the Government General, 10 September 1940, file Dok. 1.–151, folder 4, 17, Instytuz Zachodni, Paznań; report of OFK 379 [signed Braune-Krikau], 23 September 1940, RH 53–20/27, Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv, Freibung; secret report of Abwehr Lublin to Abwehr Kraków, 24 September 1940, RG–242, T–501/213/637–42, NARA.

46. See sources for note 45 above.

47. “Rejestr wypadków śmierci w Obozach Pracy,” [late November 1940] n. d., file Judenrat, sygn. 137–43; “Sprawozdanie,” 4 March 1941, ibid., sygn. 47, 9.

48. Globocnik to higher SS and police leader East, 13 August 1940, H. Dolp SS file, BDC.

49. Memorandum of Jache, “Ferngespräch mit Oberregierugsrat Dr. Gschliesser am 26.9.1940,” file Gouverneur, Distrikt Lublin, sygn. 746, 161, WAPL; Jache to office of Lublin District, 17 October 1940, ibid., 173.

50. Türk to Föhl, 21 October 1940, file Gouverneur, Distrikt Lublin, sygn. 891, 265–66, WAPL; memorandum of Heine, 21 October 1940, ibid., sygn. 746, 229; Jache to Frauendorfer, 19 October 1940, ibid., sygn. 748, 113–15.

51. Service evalution of Willi Stemmler, 10 August 1940, W. Stemmler SS file, BDC; labor office, Biała-Podlaska to labor department, Lublin, 18 July 1940, file Gouverneur, Distrikt Lublin, sygn. 746, 41–43, WAPL.

52. Statement of F.S., 1 March 1966, Paulus Trial, vol. 4, 643–44; statement of R. K., 24 April 1964, ibid., vol. 3, 383; Chana Zylbersztajn to SS Selbstschutz Command, 30 May 1940, file Judenrat, sygn. 20, 80, WAPL.

53. Statement of Dobromirski, Franciszek, 10 September 1945, file OK Lublin, sygn. 135, 7–8, GKBZPNP.Google Scholar

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55. Report of Tews to Commander of Gendarmerie in Radzyń, 19 May 1940, Paulus Trial, Dukumentenband, vol. 2, 206–7.

56. Decision of SS and police count VI in Karków, 13 June 1941, H. Möbius SS file, BDC.

57. Seyss-Inquart to Himmler, 7 may 1940, RG–242, T–175/33/2541056–57, NARA; Krüger to Himmler, 20 June 1940, ibid., T–175/84/2609849–51; statement of F.H., 12 May 1965, Paulus Trial, vol. 5, 803. On Himmler's visit to Lublin and appoinment book, see “Reiseprogramm des Reichsführer-SS vom 4.–6.5.1940,” n.d. [before 4 May 1940], ibid., T–175/112/2637797–98; T–581/38a, no frame numbers. I am indebted to Richard Breitman for this source and the reference to Himmler's itinerary.

58. Lück, Kurt, “Die Cholmer und Lubliner Deutschen kehren heim ins Vaterland,” in Lück, K. and Lattermann, A., eds., Unsere Heimat: Volkstümliche Schrifteneihe zur Förderung der deutschen Heimatbildung und Familienüberlieferung in den Ostgauen, (Posen, 1940), 120.Google Scholar

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60. Diary, Frank, entry for 16 March 1940, vol. 3, 207–14; decree of Frank, “Verordnung über die Einrichtung eines Sonderdienestes,” 6 May 1940, VOBL. GG, 10 May 1940, no. 38 1940 (Part 1), 186; report of Inspectorate of the Sonderdienst [signed Hammerle], 24 September 1941, Bühler Trial, NTN 283, 14–26, GKBZPNP.Google Scholar

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62. Diary, Frank, entry for 10 July 1940, Diensttagebuch, 248.Google Scholar

63. Waffen SS, see race and settlement questionaries, 14 March 1944, R. Bulitz SS file and 11 October 1944, A. Klettke SS file, BDC. Wehrmacht, see naturalization application 18 June 1940, S. Wendland EWZ file, BDC; Amtskommissar for Buk City and Country to RSHA immigration branch office Litzmannstadt, 1 November 1943, ibid.

64. Naturalization application, 27 March 1943, G. Sonnenberg EWZ file, BDC; memorandum of Hammerle, “Das Abkommen mit dem Oberkommando der Wehrmacht über den Sonderdienst,” 16 September 1944, file Regierung GG/Hauptabteilung Innere Verwalutung/Inspektion Sonderdienst, 11 378, 6–7, GKBZPNP.

65. Service evalution for Stolle, 31 August 1940, G. Stolle SS file, BDC; order of Himmler, 9 August 1941, RG–242, T–175/150/2679287, NARS. For November date, see race and settlement questionnaire, 14 March 1944, R. Bulitz SS file, BDC.

66. SS and police leader in Lublin, List of Recommendations for Award of the War Meritorious Service Cross, 2nd Class with Swords, [November or December 1940], Zbiór wniosków na odznaczenia/file SSPF Lublin 1940–1944, VII/1, 25–26, GKBZPNP. On continuty of personnel, see Globocnik to higher SS and police leader East, 6 March 1942, K. Streibel SS file, BDC.

67. Diary, Frank, entries for 13 and 14 December 1940, vol. 6, 1127, 1128; entries for 29 March and 8 April 1941, published in Diensttagebuch, 339–40, 351–52; Globocnik to higher SS and police leader East, 6 March 1942, K. Streibel SS file, BDC.Google Scholar

68. On the ethnic Germans in the Soviet Union see Fleischauer, Ingeborg, Das Dritte Reich und die Deutschen in der Sowjetunion (Stuttgart, 1983). On ethnic Germans of west Poland, see Umbreit, Militärverwaltungen, 200–204; Madajczyk, Okkupationspolitik, 9–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

69. Recommendations of the SS and police leader in Radom for the War Meritorious Service Cross, 2nd Class, 29 November 1940, Zbiór wniosków na odznazenia/file SSPF Radom, 1940–1944, V/1, 1–3, 4–6, 7–9, 10–12, GKBZPNP; Kreishauptmann Skierniewice to office of the Governor General, 11 June 1940, Bühler Trial, NTN 272, 234, GKBZPNP. Lasch's praise in “Arbeitstagung der Abteilungsleiter, Kreishauptmänner und Stadthauptmänner des Distrikts Radom, 24, and 25. february 1940.” Frank Diary, vol. 9.

70. See Marrus, Michael R. and Paxton, Robert O., Vichy France and the Jews (New York, 1981), 370–71;Google ScholarPaxton, Robert O., Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order. 1940–1944 (London, 1972), 357–74, 380–83;Google ScholarMastny, Vojtech, The Czechs Under Nazi Rule: The Failure of National Resistance (New York, London, 1971), 224.Google Scholar See also Hirschfeld, Gerhard, Nazi Rule and Dutch Collaboration: The Netherlands Under German Occupation, 1940–1945 (Oxford, 1988), 311–21.Google Scholar

71. Petrow, Richard, The Bitter Years: The Invasion and Occupation of Denmark and Norway, April 1940–May 1945 (New York, 1979), 366.Google Scholar

72. Globocnik to higher SS and police leader East, 6 March 1942, K. Streibel SS file, BDC; Arad, Yitzhak, Bełzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps (Bloomington, Indianapolis, 1987), 21.Google Scholar Trawniki recruits faced a choice between collaboration and almost certain death from starvation, exposure, or mistreatment in the German prisoner-of-war camps. See Streit, Christian, Keine Kameraden: Die Wehrmacht und die sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen 1941–1945 (Stuttgart, 1978), 128–90.Google Scholar

73. Globocnik to Himmler, 5 January 1944, 4024–PS, IMT, vol. 34, 72.