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“Muscle” Yekkes? Multiple German-Jewish Masculinities in Palestine and Israel after 1933

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2018

Patrick Farges
Patrick Farges*
Affiliation:
University of Paris-Diderot
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Abstract

In the 1930s and 1940s, nearly ninety thousand German-speaking Jews found refuge in the British Mandate of Palestine. While scholars have stressed the so-called Yekkes’ intellectual and cultural contribution to the making of the Jewish nation, their social and gendered lifeworlds still need to be explored. This article, which is centered on the generation of those born between 1910 and 1925, explores an ongoing interest in German-Jewish multiple masculinities. It is based on personal narratives, including some 150 oral history interviews conducted in the early 1990s with German-speaking men and women in Israel. By focusing on gender and masculinities, it sheds new light on social, generational, and racial issues in Mandatory Palestine and Israel. The article presents an investigation of the lives, experiences, and gendered identities of young emigrants from Nazi Europe who had partly been socialized in Europe, and were then forced to adjust to a different sociey and culture after migration. This involved adopting new forms of sociability, learning new body postures and gestures, as well as incorporating new habits—which, together, formed a cultural repertoire for how to behave as a “New Hebrew.”

Fast neunzigtausend deutschsprachige Juden fanden in den dreißiger und vierziger Jahren im britischen Mandatsgebiet Palästina Zuflucht. In der Forschung ist der geistige und kulturelle Beitrag, den diese sogenannten Jeckes zur Gründung des jüdischen Nationalstaates geleistet haben, mehrfach betont worden. Deren soziale und genderspezifische Lebenswelt muss dagegen noch erforscht werden. Der vorliegende Aufsatz konzentriert sich auf die zwischen 1910 und 1925 geborene Generation und erforscht das anhaltende Interesse an multiplen deutsch-jüdischen Männlichkeiten. Er beruht dabei auf persönlichen Erzählungen, unter anderem circa 150 Interviews, die Anfang der neunziger Jahre mit deutschsprachigen Männern und Frauen in Israel durchgeführt worden sind. Durch die Betonung von Gender und Männlichkeiten werden soziale, generationenspezifische und auf die Rasse bezogene Probleme im Mandatsgebiet Palästina und in Israel neu beleuchtet. Es handelt sich somit um eine Untersuchung der Leben, Erfahrungen und Gender-Identitäten junger Emigranten aus dem nationalsozialistischen Europa, die bereits in Europa sozialisiert worden waren, aber sich nach ihrer Emigration gezwungenermaßen einer anderen Gesellschaft und Kultur anpassen mussten. Das beinhaltete sowohl das Erlernen neuer Sozialkompetenzen und einer anderen Körpersprache als auch die Annahme neuer Gewohnheiten—im Grunde also ein kulturelles Repertoire, wie man sich als „Neue Hebrärer” verhalten sollte.

Type
Article
Information
Central European History , Volume 51 , Special Issue 3: Masculinity and the Third Reich , September 2018 , pp. 466 - 487
Copyright
Copyright © Central European History Society of the American Historical Association 2018 

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Footnotes

I would like to thank Anne Betten, Laura Hobson Faure, special guest editor Thomas Kühne, Editor-in-Chief Andrew Port, and the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions on previous drafts of this article. The research for this article was made possible thanks to the generous help of the German Academic Exchange Service, the Zentrum für Antisemitismusforschung (Technische Universität Berlin), the Minerva Institute for German History (Tel Aviv University), and the Wiener Library for the Study of the Nazi Era and the Holocaust (Tel Aviv University).

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