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Men of Science and Action: The Celebrity of Explorers and German National Identity, 1870–1895

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 September 2017

Matthew Unangst
Matthew Unangst*
Affiliation:
Washington State University
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Abstract

Before the commercialization of colonialism, Germans primarily engaged with the possibility of a German colonial empire through German explorers of Africa. This article examines the discourse about such men with an eye to the ways in which Germans formulated identities around them as celebrities in the early Kaiserreich. A shift in the discourse is observable around the time of the beginning of formal German colonialism in the mid-1880s. To that point, observers had placed German explorers within an international scientific community defined by its cosmopolitanism. From the mid-1880s, explorers more often appeared as embodiments of a chauvinistic national identity that defined German colonialism as superior to other variants. This discursive shift was indicative, on the one hand, of the erosion of the Bildungsbürgertum's control of the meaning of German colonialism and, on the other, of the emergence of alternative colonialist identities through public engagement with the exploration of Africa.

Vor der Kommerzialisierung des Kolonialismus haben sich Deutsche mit der Möglichkeit eines deutschen Kolonialreiches vor allem im Zusammenhang mit deutschen Afrikaforschern auseinandergesetzt. Dieser Aufsatz untersucht den Diskurs über diese Männer mit einem besonderen Augenmerk darauf, wie deren Identitäten im frühen Kaiserreich als Berühmtheiten formuliert wurden. Zu Beginn des offiziellen deutschen Kolonialismus Mitte der 1880er Jahre zeichnet sich in diesem Diskurs eine Veränderung ab: Bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt hatten Beobachter die deutschen Forscher als Teil einer internationalen Forschungsgemeinschaft gesehen, die durch Kosmopolitismus definiert war. Aber seit Mitte der 1880er Jahre wurden die Forscher häufiger als Verkörperung einer chauvinistischen Nationalidentität betrachtet, die den deutschen Kolonialismus gegenüber anderen Varianten als überlegen definierte. Diese diskursive Verschiebung war einerseits bezeichnend für den allmählichen Kontrollverlust des Bildungsbürgertums hinsichtlich der Bedeutung des deutschen Kolonialismus und wies andererseits auf das Aufkommen alternativer Kolonialidentitäten durch das öffentliche Engagement mit der Erforschung Afrikas hin.

Type
Articles
Information
Central European History , Volume 50 , Issue 3 , September 2017 , pp. 305 - 327
Copyright
Copyright © Central European History Society of the American Historical Association 2017 

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References

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35 One such example was a version of Gustav Nachtigal's Reisen in der Sahara und im Sudan, published in 1886. A reviewer described the book as a popularization of the original work, “notorious for its strictly scientific content,” a quality that had made it difficult to sell to the broader public. See “Weihnachtsbüchermarkt,” Berliner Tageblatt, Dec. 17, 1886.

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39 F.R., “Ein Trauerspielfragment von Gottfried Keller,” Berliner Tageblatt, Nov. 29, 1892.

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55 Berenson, Heroes of Empire, 27–31.

56 J. Löwenberg, “Henry M. Stanley. Eine biographische Skizze,” Illustrirte Zeitung, Jan. 12, 1878.

57 See, e.g., “Lokal-Nachrichten. Ein moderner Odysseus,” Berliner Tageblatt, Nov. 19, 1884; Francis Birgham, “Henry M. Stanley. Seine Lebengeschichte,” Berliner Tageblatt, Nov. 22, 1884.

58 Liebersohn, Traveler's World, 11, 138.

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69 Gerhard Rohlfs, “Der Afrikareisende Dr. Schweinfurth,” Illustrirte Zeitung, Feb. 24, 1872. Another leading explorer of the early 1880s, Wilhelm Junker, was also a Russian subject of German descent.

70 Höhnel, Over Land and Sea, 49, 67.

71 Guenther, Georg Schweinfurth, 283.

72 Essner, Deutsche Afrikareisende, 112.

73 Guenther, Georg Schweinfurth, 281; Thomson, Joseph, Through Masai-Land: A Journey of Exploration among the Snowclad Volcanic Mountains and Strange Tribes of Eastern Equatorial Africa (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, and Co., 1885), 13Google Scholar.

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88 “Vom Büchertisch,” Illustrirte Zeitung, June 2, 1888. Several articles in Kladderadatsch also made fun of the hysteria around Emin Pasha. One article, for example, poked fun at the lack of knowledge about Emin's wheabouts and claimed that he would appear near Berlin with nine thousand men and even more elephant tusks if readers only remained patient. Another article claimed that the Russians had run into Emin when they invaded Afghanistan. See “Nur Geduld,” Kladderadatsch, Aug. 25, 1889; “Briefkasten. Jena,” Beiblatt zum Kladderadatsch, Sept. 20, 1891.

89 Schnitzer, Eduard, Emin Pasha in Central Africa. Being a Collection of His Letters and Journals, ed. Schweinfurth, Georg et al. , trans. Felkin, R.W. (London: George Philip & Son, 1888), viiGoogle Scholar.

90 This expedition has been the subject of several books, including Manning, Olivia, The Reluctant Rescue: The Story of Stanley's Rescue of Emin Pasha from Equatorial Africa (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1947)Google Scholar; Liebowitz, Daniel and Pearson, Charles, The Last Expedition: Stanley's Mad Journey through the Congo (New York: Norton, 2005)Google Scholar; Jones, Roger, The Rescue of Emin Pasha: The Story of Henry M. Stanley and the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition, 1887–1889 (New York: St. Martin's, 1972)Google Scholar.

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95 Some of the initial calls to help Emin that were directed at a wide audience did, in fact, center on his scientific accomplishments, but these make the later absence of science even more remarkable. Compare, for example, Red, D.., “Blätter und Blüthen. Rettet zwei deutsche Forscher in Afrika!,” Die Gartenlaube 27 (1885): 452Google Scholar, with Falkenhorst, Carl, “Aus dem Reiche Emin Paschas. Ein zeitgeschichtlicher Rückblick,” Die Gartenlaube 37 (1888): 616–21Google Scholar.

96 Schweinfurth, “Emin Pascha,” 273–74.

97 Bundesarchiv (BArch) R 1001/250, Vortrag des Prof. Schweinfurths über Deutschlands Verpflichtung gegen Emin Pascha, Sept. 12, 1889.

98 Peters, Die deutsche Emin-Pascha Expedition, 3–4; BArch R 8023/852, letter from German Emin Pasha Committee to Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft Abteilungen, n.d..

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100 BArch R 1001/250, Unterredung des Hr. U. St. S. mit dem Abg. v. Cuny um Letzteren zu bewegen, das Entrüstungsmeeting (sic) rückgängig zu machen, Aug. 16, 1889. Bismarck told Hermann Wissmann that “Emin did not exist for him.” See BArch R 1001/249d, Privatbrief des G.R. Dr. v. Rottenburg betr. die Expedition d. Lieutenant Wissmann, Dec. 7, 1888.

101 BArch N 2063/8, letter from Karl von den Sthiren to Emin Pasha, Apr. 25, 1890.

102 BArch R 8023/852, letter from Emin Pasha Committee to Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft, Feb. 9, 1889; records of donations to Emin Pasha Committee.

103 BArch R 1001/254, letter from Auswärtiges Amt to Emin Pasha Committee, Sept. 14, 1888.

104 BArch R 1001/254, letter from Jos. Geisel to Emin Pasha Committee, Dec. 13, 1888.

105 BArch R 1001/254, letter from Karl Rottenberger to the German government, Oct. 8, 1888; letter from Paul Paatz to the Auswärtiges Amt, Nov. 13, 1888; letter from Wilhelm Heuser to Bismarck, Dec. 6, 1888.

106 BArch R 1001/254, letter from Wilhelm Heuser to Bismarck, Dec. 6, 1888.

107 BArch R 1001/250, Aufruf des Comités v. 3 August zur Sammlung weiterer Geldbeiträge, National Zeitung, Aug. 4, 1889; BArch R 8023/852, “Eine deutsche Aufgabe,” April 11, 1888; “An den Vorstand der Abtheilung der Deutschen Kolonialgesellschaft,” Sept. 23, 1888.

108 BArch R 1001/254, letter from Adolf Mauthner to the German government, Sept. 5, 1888.

109 BArch R 1001/254, letter from L. Lahn to Bismarck, Nov. 15, 1888, and letter from Wilhelm Heuser to Bismarck, Dec. 6, 1888.

110 Giloi, Monarchy, Myth, 295–96.

111 “Emin Pascha liegt im Sterben!,” Berliner Tageblatt, Dec. 6, 1889.

112 BArch R 1001/254, telegrams from the kaiser in Reichsanzeiger, Dec. 7, 1889. One journalist interpreted this as a signal of the “modern sensibility” of the German emperor, something for which Germans could also be proud. See Arthur Levysohn, “Politische Wochenschau,” Berliner Tageblatt, Dec. 9, 1889.

113 “Allerlei Gedanken über Afrika,” Beiblatt zum Kladderadatsch, Jan. 26, 1890.

114 “Moltke-Miscellen,” Teltower Kreisblatt, April 30, 1891.

115 Friedrich Dernburg, “Emins Tod,” Berliner Tageblatt, Sept. 11, 1893.

116 “Stanley im dunkelsten Afrika,” Die Gartenlaube 14 (1890): 421, 428–36Google Scholar; H.J., review of Stanley, Henry M., Im dunkelsten Afrika. Aufsuchung, Rettung und Rückzug Emin Paschas, Gouverneurs der Aequatorialprovinz, in Nord und Süd 54, no. 162 (Sept. 1890): 401–5Google Scholar; review of Jephson, A.J. Mounteney and Stanley, Henry M., Emin Pascha und die Meuterei in Aequatoria, in Nord und Süd 56, no. 166 (Jan. 1891): 132–36Google Scholar.

117 Wilda, Oskar, review of Lenz, Oskar, Timbuktu. Reise durch Marokko, die Sahara und den Sudan, in Nord und Süd 61, no. 183 (June 1892): 420 Google Scholar; “Dr. Stuhlmanns Abschied von Emin Pascha,” Berliner Tageblatt, Dec. 7, 1893.

118 Wolf, Eugen, Wißmann, Deutschlands größter Afrikaner (Leipzig: Grunow, 1905), 23Google Scholar; “Kleine Mitteilungen,” Deutsche Kolonialzeitung, Dec. 13, 1890.

119 BArch R 8023/851, letter from Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft to its departments, Oct. 30, 1890.

120 “Die Vermählung des Majors v. Wißmann,” Illustrirte Zeitung, Nov. 17, 1894.

121 Reichard, Paul, “Emin Pascha,” Die Gartenlaube 43 (1893): 730–32Google Scholar.

122 “Emin Pascha,” Berliner Tageblatt, June 8, 1892.

123 Perras, Carl Peters; Chickering, We Men Who Feel So German; Kurlander, Price of Exclusion.

124 Georg Stamper, “Deutsche Geographen und Anthropologen,” Illustrirte Zeitung, Sept. 1, 1894; H.G.H., “Aequatoria-Literatur,” Berliner Tageblatt, June 26, 1891.

125 This appeared, without a title, on the first page of the Berliner Tageblatt, Oct. 24, 1894.

126 Essner, Deutsche Afrikareisende, 97; Perras, Carl Peters, 174.

127 BArch R 1001/273, Bericht über die Kolonial-Debatte im Reichstag, March 5, 1892.

128 Perras, Carl Peters, 217.

129 Guenther, Georg Schweinfurth, 311.

130 Schilling, Britta, Postcolonial Germany: Memories of Empire in a Decolonized Nation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014)Google Scholar.

131 Hamann, Christof, “Verwundern, Entwundern, Disziplinieren: Hans Meyer bearbeitet den Kilimanjaro,” KulturPoetik 8, no. 1 (2008): 39–59Google Scholar.

132 Herbert Selpin, Carl Peters, film (Munich: Bavaria Film, 1941).

133 Sandler, Willeke, “Colonial Education in the Third Reich: The Witzenhausen Colonial School and the Rendsburg Colonial School for Women,” Central European History 49, no. 2 (2016): 181–207 Google Scholar.

134 Guenther, Georg Schweinfurth. The claims about Humboldt are examined in Zantop, Colonial Fantasies, 168; Pratt, Mary Louise, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation (London: Routledge, 1992), 111–12Google Scholar.

135 Diawara, Mamadou, de Moraes Farias, Paulo Fernando, and Spittler, Gerd, Heinrich Barth et l'Afrique (Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe, 2006)Google Scholar; Julia Winckler, “Retracing Heinrich Barth,” University of Brighton, http://arts.brighton.ac.uk/staff/julia-winckler/retracing-heinrich-barth (accessed Jan. 19, 2016).

136 “Karl Mauch Exhibition,” Africa News Service, May 23, 2007, https://business.highbeam.com/3548/article-1G1-163831409/karl-mauch-exhibition (accessed Oct. 6, 2016); de Veer, Elisabeth and O'Hear, Ann, “Gerhard Rohlfs in Yorubaland,” History in Africa 21 (1994): 251–68Google Scholar.