1. Eine Frau in Berlin: Tagebuchaufzeichnungen vom 20. April bis 22. Juni 1945 (Frankfurt am Main: Eichborn, 2003).Google Scholar

2. Das Wunder von Bern, dir. Wortmann, Sönke (2003).Google Scholar

3. These debates were sparked by Friedrich, Jörg, Der Brand: Deutschland im Bombenkrieg 1940–1945 (Berlin: Propyläen, 2002)Google Scholar; Grass, Günter, Im Krebsgang: eine Novelle (Göttingen: Steidl, 2002)Google Scholar. I will return to Der Brand below; on Im Krebsgang, see also Moeller, Robert G., “Sinking Ships, the Lost Heimat and Broken Taboos: Günter Grass and the Politics of Memory in Contemporary Germany,” Contemporary European History 12, no. 2 (2003): 147–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

4. Kunkel, Thor, Endstufe (Berlin: Eichborn, 2004).Google Scholar

5. Two additional recent popular films deserve consideration, although I was not able to view them in time to include them in this essay. Margareta von Trotta's Rosenstraße concerns non-Jewish women's successful protest to have their Jewish husbands released from captivity and possible deportation. Bernd Eichinger and Oliver Hirschbiegel's Der Untergang invites the audience to view tensions among the male Nazi leadership in the Reich's final days through the eyes of Hitler's young and naive personal secretary, Traudl Junge.

6. On masculinity and Vergangenheitsbewältigung in the early FRG, see especially the special form in Signs, introduced by Moeller, Robert G., “The ‘Remasculinization’ of Germany in the 1950s: Introduction,” Signs 24, no. 1 (1998): 101–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On women's history in this context, Heineman, Elizabeth D., “The Hour of the Woman: Memories of Germany's ‘Crisis Years’ and West German National Identity,” American Historical Review 101, no. 2 (1996): 354–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On sexuality, Herzog, Dagmar, “Desperately Seeking Normality: Sex and Marriage in the Wake of War,” in Bessel, Richard and Schumann, Dirk, eds., Life after Death: Approaches to a Cultural and Social History of Europe during the 1940s and 1950s (Washington, DC, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003)Google Scholar. On heroic masculinity in the early GDR, see e.g. Weitz, Eric D., Creating German Communism, 1890–1990: From Popular Protests to Socialist State (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997).Google Scholar

7. Foundational texts by activist-scholars include Mutterkreuz und Arbeitsbuch: zur Geschichte der Frauen in der Weimarer Republik und im Nationalsozialismus, “Frauengruppe Faschismusforschung” (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 1981)Google Scholar; Eldorado: Homosexuelle Frauen und Männer in Berlin, 1850–1950: Geschichte, Alltag und Kultur, Museum, Berlin, ed., (Berlin: Frölich & Kaufmann, 1984)Google Scholar. Explorations of the relationship between activists and scholarship include Grossmann, Atina, “Feminist Debates About Women and National Socialism,” Gender and History 3 (1991): 350–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Jensen, Erik N., “The Pink Triangle and Political Consciousness: Gays, Lesbians, and the Memory of Nazi Persecution,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 11, no. 1/2 (2002): 319–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

8. “Feelgood Film Brings it all Back for Football Fanatics,” Taipei Times, 11 8, 2003, 18, http://www.taipeitimes.com/news/sport/archives/2003/11/08/2003075119 (viewed April 9, 2004)Google Scholar. Schroeder's tears were widely covered in the German press; see for example Fuhr, Eckhard, “Die Tränen des Kanzlers,” Die Welt, 10 15, 2003, http://www.welt.de/data/2003/10/15/182704.html (viewed April 9, 2004).Google Scholar

9. Diedrichsen, Diedrich, “Weil Opi halt so rührend war,” Die Zeit, 10 16, 2003, nr. 43, http://zeus.zeit.de/text/2003/43/Wunder_von_Bern (viewed April 9, 2004)Google Scholar; Kuhlbrodt, Dietrich, “Papa ist der Größte,” Die Tageszeitung, 10 15, 2003, http://www.taz.de/pt/2003/10/15/a0190.nf/text (viewed April 9, 2004).Google Scholar

10. Fehrenbach, Heide, Cinema in Democratizing Germany: Reconstructing National Identity after Hitler (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995)Google Scholar; see also Moeller, Robert G., War Stories: The Search for a Usable Past in the Federal Republic of Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001)Google Scholar; and, for able-bodiedness as a marker of rehabilitated masculinity, Poore, Carol, “Who Belongs? Disability and the German Nation in Postwar Literature and Film,” German Studies Review 26, no. 1 (2003): 21–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

11. Heer, Hannes and Naumann, Klaus, Vernichtungskrieg: Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941–1944 (Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 1995)Google Scholar. The English-language edition of the catalog omits some of the essays of the German version (including all those authored by women). Heer, Hannes and Naumann, Klaus, eds., War of Extermination: the German Military in World War II, 1941–1944 (New York: Berghahn Books, 2000).Google Scholar

12. A useful English-language summary of the controversy is Bartov, Omer, Grossmann, Atina, and Nolan, Mary, “Introduction,” in Crimes of War, Bartov, , Grossmann, , and Nolan, , eds., (New York: New Press, 2002), ix–xxxiv.Google Scholar

13. Naumann, Klaus, “The ‘Unblemished’ Wehrmacht: The Social History of a Myth,” in Heer and Naumann, eds., War of Extermination, 417–27Google Scholar; Bald, Detlef, Klotz, Johannes, and Wette, Wolfram, Mythos Wehrmacht: Nachkriegsdebatten and Traditionspflege (Berlin: Aufbau Taschenbuch Verlag, 2001).Google Scholar

14. Boll, Bernd and Safrian, Hans, “On the Way to Stalingrad: The 6th Army in 1941–42,”Google Scholar in Heer, and Naumann, , eds., War of Extermination, 237–71.Google Scholar

15. Questions about German military men's “victimization” could already be heard at the fiftieth anniversary; see Kühne, Thomas and Ziemann, Benjamin, “Militärgeschichte in der Erweiterung: Konjunkturen, Interpretationen, Konzepte,” in Kühne, Thomas and Ziemann, Benjamin, eds., Was ist Militärgeschichte? (Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 2000), 9–46, here 32.Google Scholar

16. Der Spiegel's special edition commemorating the battle is online at http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/netzkultur/0,1518,k-3433,00.html.

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28. Zipfel, Gaby, “Vom weiblichen Blick auf den männlichen Krieg,” in Ulrich, Bernd and Hamburger Institut für Sozialforschung, eds., Besucher einer Ausstellung: die Ausstellung “Vernichtungskrieg, Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941 bis 1944,” Interview tmd Gespräch (Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 1998), 141–60.Google Scholar

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34. For useful overviews of democratization in the Bundeswehr and class transformation in the Nationale Volksarmee, respectively, see Bald, Detlef, “‘Bürger in Uniform’: Tradition und Neuanfang des Militärs in Westdeutschland,” in Schildt, Axel and Sywottek, Arnold, eds., Modernisierung im Wiederaufbau: Die westdeutsche Gesellschaft der 50er Jahre (Bonn: J.H.W. Dietz, 1993), 392–402Google Scholar; Wenzke, Rüdiger, “Auf dem Wege zur Kademrmee: Aspekte der Rekrutierung, Sozialstruktur und personellen Entwicklung des entstehenden Militärs in der SBZ/DDR,” in Thoss, Bruno, ed., Volksarmee schaffen—ohne Geschrei!: Studien zu den Anfängen einer verdeckten Aufrüstung in der SBZ/DDR 1947–1952 (Munich: Oldenbourg, 1994), 205–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On “socialist culture” among noncommissioned officers in the NVA, Müller, Christian Th., Tausend Tage bei der “Asche”: Unteroffiziere in der NVA: Untersuchungen zu Alltag und Binnenstruktur einer “sozialistischen” Armee, (Berlin: Ch. Links, 2003)Google Scholar. Addressing gender but not vergangenheitsbewältigung is Eifler, Christine, “‘Ewig unreif’: Geschlechtsrollenklischees in der Armeerundschau” in Zwischen “Mosaik” und “Einheit”: Zeitschriften in der DDR, ed. Barck, Simone, Langermann, Martina, and Lokatis, Siegfried (Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag, 1999), 180–88.Google Scholar

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36. Machtan, Lothar, Hitlers Geheimnis: das Doppelleben eines Diktators (Berlin: Alexander Fest, 2001)Google Scholar. The book appeared in English as Machtan, Lothar, The Hidden Hitler (New York, NY: Basic Books, 2001)Google Scholar. Representative criticisms of Machtan in the German media include Kershaw, Ian, “Der ungerade Weg,” Die Welt, 10 13, 2001Google Scholar; Mommsen, Hans, “Viel Lärm um Nichts,” Die Zeit, 42/2001Google Scholar; Hamann, Brigitte, “Es stimmt hinten und vorn nicht,” Die Welt, 10 12, 2001Google Scholar. For an overview of work on homosociality and homoeroticism in National Socialism, see Heineman, Elizabeth D., “The Doubly Unspeakable: Sexuality and Nazism,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 11, no. 1/2 (2002): 22–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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40. Bisky, Jens, “Kleine Fußnote zum Untergang des Abendlandes,” Süddeutsche Zeitung, 06 10, 2003. The book had first appeared in English in 1954. A German-language edition was published in Switzerland in 1959.Google Scholar

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