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Ernst Jäckh and the National Internationalism of Interwar Germany

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 September 2019

Peter Weber
Peter Weber*
Affiliation:
Auburn University
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Abstract

In interwar Germany, internationalism and nationalism coexisted in a public sphere that often transcended national borders. This seeming contradiction helps explain the mindset of an era, which simultaneously recognized interconnectedness while privileging national identity. Historians’ interest in internationalism has primarily focused on liberal and cooperative actors and on some selected examples demonstrating the dark sides of internationalism. Fewer historians, however, have analyzed the ambiguities and contradictions of liberal internationalism and the perseverance of the national as a frame of reference in internationalist discourses. Ernst Jäckh, best known as the founder of the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik, perhaps best represented this collision of values while simultaneously being one of the biggest proponents of such a view. Jäckh's internationalism permeated all his endeavors and served the goal of reintegrating Germany in the international community.

Im Deutschland der Zwischenkriegszeit koexistierten Internationalismus und Nationalismus in einer oft grenzüberschreitenden öffentlichen Sphäre. Dieser scheinbare Widerspruch hilft die Denkweise einer Zeit zu erklären, die sich gleichzeitig der Verbundenheit bewusst war und die nationale Identität betonte. Das Interesse von Historiker*innen am Internationalismus hat sich vornehmlich auf liberale und kooperative Akteur*innen konzentriert, daneben auf einige ausgewählte Beispiele, welche die dunklen Seiten des Internationalismus aufzeigten. Seltener haben Forschende jedoch Ambivalenzen und Widersprüche des liberalen Internationalismus und das Festhalten am Nationalen als Bezugsrahmen internationalistischer Diskurse analysiert. Ernst Jäckh, der vor allem als Begründer der Deutschen Hochschule für Politik bekannt ist, bietet das vielleicht beste Beispiel für diesen Wertekonflikt und war zugleich unter den bedeutendsten Verfechter*innen solcher Anschauungen. Jäckhs Internationalismus durchzog alle seine Bestrebungen und richtete sich auf das Ziel einer Reintegration Deutschlands in die internationale Gemeinschaft.

Type
Article
Information
Central European History , Volume 52 , Issue 3 , September 2019 , pp. 402 - 423
Copyright
Copyright © Central European History Society of the American Historical Association 2019 

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Footnotes

The author wishes to thank Gregory Witkowski, as well as the editor and the anonymous reviewers, for their constructive comments on earlier drafts.

References

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95 BArch, R43-I/163, Deutsches Generalkonsulat San Francisco to Reichskanzlei, October 20, 1931. Also, in his correspondence with Rockefeller Foundation officers, Jäckh voiced his “confidence in Germanys [sic] order and development.” RF Archives, RAC, folder 177, box 19, series 717S, RG 1.1, Ernst Jäckh to Edmund E. Day, March 15, 1932.

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99 BArch, R43-II/948, Ernst Jäckh to Hans H. Lammers, April 16, 1933, 2.

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101 BArch, R43-II/948, Ernst Jäckh to Adolf Hitler, March 27, 1933.

102 BArch, R4901/1445, Ernst Jäckh, Eröffnung des Lehrgangs für preussische Studienassessoren in der Deutschen Hochschule für Politik, March 27, 1933, 4–5.

103 Rare Book & MS Library, Columbia University Libraries (hereafter designed as RBML), Ernst Jäckh Papers, Series V, Box 16, Scrapbook 29, Ernst Jäckh, “Mitarbeit am neuen Staat,” Berliner Tageblatt, April 16, 1933; and RBML, Ernst Jäckh Papers, Series V, Box 16, Scrapbook 29, Walter Simons, “Mitarbeit am neuen Staat,” Berliner Tageblatt, April 16, 1933.

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106 GStA PK, VI. HA Nl Schmidt-Ott, F., Nr. 483, Ernst Jäckh to Praesidial-Mitglieder der Stresemann-Stiftung, December 22, 1933; and GStA PK, VI. HA Nl Schmidt-Ott, F., Nr. 956, Julius Curtius to Friedrich Schmidt-Ott, February 14, 1940.

107 BArch, R43-I/514, Julius Curtius to Hans H. Lammers, February 16, 1934; BArch, R43-I/514, Der Staatssekretär in der Reichskanzlei, Rk. 1715, February 21, 1934; and BArch, R43-I/514, Der Staatssekretär in der Reichskanzlei, Zu Rk. 1715, April 10, 1934.

108 GStA PK, VI. HA Nl Schmidt-Ott, F., Nr. 956, Julius Curtius to Friedrich Schmidt-Ott, February 14, 1940.

109 RF Archives, RAC, box 13, RG 12.1, Thomas B. Appleget Officer's Diary, 1934, July 17.

110 RBML, Ernst Jäckh Papers, Series V, Box 11, Scrapbook 19, “Our Purpose,” The New Commonwealth 2, no. 2 (November 1933): 1. For background on Lord David Davies see Porter, Brian, “David Davies: A Hunter after Peace,” Review of International Studies 15, no. 1 (1989): 27–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Pugh, Michael C., “An International Police Force: Lord Davies and the British Debate in the 1930s,” International Relations 9, issue 4 (1988): 335–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar. In contrast to the more recent scholarship, both Porter and Pugh place the development of the New Commonwealth Society in a specific English political context.

111 Ashkenazi, Ofer, “Transnational Anti-War Activity in the Third Reich: The Nazi Branch of the New Commonwealth Society,” German History 36, no. 2 (2018): 211–12CrossRefGoogle Scholar. While the NCS never had more than 2,000 members, by 1933 more than 10,000 individuals had subscribed to its publications in Europe.

112 RF Archives, RAC, folder 980, box 74, series 401S, RG 1.1, Tracy B. Kittredge, Memorandum on Conversation with Jäckh in Paris on February 10–11, 1935, February 13, 1935.

113 For example, BArch, R43-II/948, Ernst Jäckh, Address Given in London on February 7 and 8, 1933, at Meetings of the New Commonwealth, n.d., 1–2; and RF Archives, RAC, folder 177, box 19, series 717S, RG 1.1, Ernst Jäckh, The Political Situation in Germany, address given at Chatham House on February 6, 1933, 23.

114 Ashkenazi, “Transnational Anti-War Activity in the Third Reich,” 217 and RF Archives, RAC, folder 980, box 74, series 401S, RG 1.1, Tracy B. Kittredge, Memorandum on Conversation with Jaeckh in Paris on February 10–11, 1935, February 13, 1935.

115 Ashkenazi, “Transnational Anti-War Activity in the Third Reich,” 218–19.

116 RF Archives, RAC, box 482, RG 12.1, John van Sickle Officer's Diary, November 10, 1935.

117 Ashkenazi, “Transnational Anti-War Activity in the Third Reich.”

118 Herren, , “Fascist Internationalism,” in Internationalisms. A Twentieth-Century History, ed. Sluga, Glenda and Clavin, Patricia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 191–212CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

119 BArch, R58/6238, The New Commonwealth, “The Pontigny Conference,” The New Commonwealth Monthly 5, no. 12 (September, 1937): 196–200.

120 BArch, R4901/2783, Ottmar Bühler, Bericht über meine Teilnahme an der Pontigny-Tagung des New Commonwealth vom 13. – 23. Aug. 1937, September 19, 1937. Enclosed in Der Rektor, Westf. Wilhelms-Universität to Minister für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung, September 25, 1937.

121 Laqua, “Transnational Intellectual Cooperation, the League of Nations, and the Problem of Order,” 236.

122 BArch, R58/6238, The New Commonwealth, “Our Purpose,” The New Commonwealth Monthly 5, no. 3 (December 1936): 33.

123 BArch, R58/6238, The New Commonwealth, Deutsches Studienkomitee, Vierteljahresbericht, no. 2/3, January, 1937, 3.

124 BArch, R58/6255, Albrecht von Freyberg to David Davies, February 6, 1937; BArch, R58/6255, David Davies to Albrecht von Freyberg, March 25, 1937; BArch, R58/6255, Albrecht von Freyberg to David Davies, May 22, 1937; and BArch, R58/6255, Albrecht von Freyberg to David Davies, June 10, 1937.

125 BArch, R58/6255, SD-Oberabschnitt Ost to Sicherheitshauptamt, March 4, 1937.

126 BArch, R58/6255, Sicherheitshauptamt, Aktenvermerk. Betr. New Commonwealth, July 5, 1937; and BArch, R58/6255, Sicherheitshauptamt, Bericht: Betr. New Commonwealth, July 14, 1937.

127 BArch, R58/6255, Sicherheitshauptamt, Vermerk. Betr. Ernst Jäckh, Leiter des New Commonwealth Institutes in England, n.d. [February 1938].

128 BArch, R58/6255, Bericht: The New Commonwealth, July 1, 1937. Enclosed in Sicherheitshauptamt, Bericht: Betr. New Commonwealth, July 14, 1937, 2.

129 BArch, R4901/3070, The New Commonwealth, Deutsches Studienkomitee, Vierteljahresbericht, Schlussbericht, June 1938.

130 Pugh, “An International Police Force,” 348–50.

131 Ashkenazi, “Transnational Anti-War Activity in the Third Reich,” 228.

132 RF Archives, RAC, folder 941, box 104, series 100S, RG 1.1, Tracy B. Kittredge to Stacy May, January 9, 1939.

133 RBML, Ernst Jäckh Papers, Series V, Box 11, Scrapbook 19, Ernst Jäckh, “War! – War?” The New Commonwealth Quarterly (December 1938): 314.

134 RBML, Ernst Jäckh Papers, Series V, Box 11, Scrapbook 19, “Ernst Jackh,” The New Commonwealth Quarterly, March 1939, 115.

135 Ashkenazi, “Transnational Anti-War Activity in the Third Reich,” 220–26.

136 RF Archives, RAC, folder 941, box 104, series 100S, RG 1.1, Tracy B. Kittredge to Sydnor H. Walker, June 23, 1939; and RF Archives, RAC, folder 941, box 104, series 100S, RG 1.1, Tracy B. Kittredge to William E. Rappard, July 24, 1939.

137 RF Archives, RAC, folder 941, box 104, series 100S, RG 1.1, Tracy B. Kittredge to Sydnor H. Walker, November 11, 1939.

138 RF Archives, RAC, folder 941, box 104, series 100S, RG 1.1, William E. Rappard to Tracy B. Kittredge, May 30, 1940; RF Archives, RAC, folder 925, box 102, series 100S, RG 1.1, Tracy B. Kittredge to Joseph H. Willits and Sydnor H. Walker, May 23, 1940; and RF Archives, RAC, folder 925, box 102, series 100S, RG 1.1, Tracy B. Kittredge to William E. Rappard, May 23, 1940.

139 RF Archives, RAC, folder 925, box 102, series 100S, RG 1.1, Tracy B. Kittredge to William E. Rappard, April 25, 1940.

140 RF Archives, RAC, folder 926, box 102, series 100S, RG 1.1, Tracy B. Kittredge to William E. Rappard, July 30, 1940.

141 RF Archives, RAC, folder 3793, box 319, series 200S, RG 1.1, Grant in Aid RA SS NO 4059.

142 RF Archives, RAC, folder 3794, box 319, series 200S, RG 1.1, Grant in Aid, RA SS NO 4410. See also RF Archives, RAC, folder 3793, box 319, series 200S, RG 1.1, Joseph H. Willits to Thomas B. Appleget, August 30, 1940.

143 RF Archives, RAC, folder 3793, box 319, series 200S, RG 1.1, Joseph H. Willits to Raymond B. Fosdick, May 23, 1941.

144 RF Archives, RAC, folder 3795, box 319, series 200S, RG 1.1, Joseph H. Willits to Roger F. Evans, May 10, 1944.

145 RF Archives, RAC, folder 3793, box 319, series 200S, RG 1.1, Joseph H. Willits to Thomas B. Appleget, August 14, 1940.

146 RF Archives, RAC, folder 178, box 19, series 717S, RG 1.1, John Van Sickle, Conversation of JVS with Dr. Jäckh, Paris July 17 and 18, 1933, July 18, 1933, 1.

147 Jan-Werner Müller has drawn attention to those theorists and “in-between figures” who mediated between political ideologies and the political justifications that these ideologies needed in order to validate themselves for the masses. Müller, Jan-Werner, Contesting Democracy: Political Ideas in Twentieth-Century Europe (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011)Google Scholar. See also Müller, Jan-Werner, “The Triumph of What (If Anything)? Rethinking Political Ideologies and Political Institutions in Twentieth-Century Europe,” Journal of Political Ideologies 14, no. 2 (2009): 211–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

148 Struck, Bernhard, Ferris, Kate, and Revel, Jacques, “Introduction: Space and Scale in Transnational History,” The International History Review 33, no. 4 (2011): 573–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Clavin, “Defining Transnationalism.”

149 Antić, Ana, Conterio, Johanna, and Vargha, Dara, “Conclusion: Beyond Liberal Internationalism,” Contemporary European History 25, no. 2 (2016): 359–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar.