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Competing Counterrevolutions: Prussian State and Catholic Church in Westphalia during the 1850s

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 December 2008

Jonathan Sperber
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Type
Symposium: Catholics and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Germany
Information
Central European History , Volume 19 , Issue 1 , March 1986 , pp. 45 - 62
Copyright
Copyright © Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association 1986

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References

1. See, for instance, Buchheim, Karl, Ultramontanismus und Demokratie: Der Weg der deutschen Katholiken im 19. Jahrhundert (Munich, 1963), 14, 37, 52, 229–30Google Scholar; Bachem, Karl, Vorgeschichte, Geschichte und Politik der deutschen Zentrumspartei, 8 vols. (reprint, Aalen, 1967), 1:50–52, 58–59, 63–66, 143–53, and esp. 85–87Google Scholar; Kissling, Johannes, Geschichte des Kulturkampfes im Deutschen Reich, 3 vols. (Freiburg i. Br., 1911–1916), 1:1–271, esp. 1–2Google Scholar; Franz, Georg, Kulturkampf: Staat und Katholische Kirche in Mitteleuropa von der Säkularisation bis zum Abschluss des preussischen Kulturkampfes (Munich, 1954), 12–13 and passimGoogle Scholar; Schmidt, Erich, Bismarcks Kampf mit dem politischen Katholizismus, Teil I: Pius der IX und die Zeit der Rüstung 1848–70 (Hamburg, 1942), 25–26, 32–33, 86–96, 109 and passimGoogle Scholar (the continuation of this book, appearing under the name Schmidt-Volkmar, Erich, Der Kulturkampf in Deutschland 1871–1890 [Göttingen, Berlin, and Frankfurt, 1962]Google Scholar and under quite different political auspices, is more cautious in its judgments); Huber, Ernst Rudolf, Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789, 6 vols. (Stuttgart, 1957ff), 1:388; 2:186; 4:642–43, 652–54, 817–18, 820–33Google Scholar. (A vigorous critique of Huber's argument can be found in Anderson, Margaret Lavinia, Windthorst: A Political Biography [Oxford, 1981], 430, n. 35Google Scholar.) Less metaphysical, but still within the conflict paradigm, Keinemann, Friedrich, Das Kölner Ereignis, sein Widerhall in der Rheinprovinz und Westfalen, 2 vols. (Münster, 1974), 1: 469.Google Scholar

2. Weber, Christoph, Aufklärung und Orthodoxie am Mittelrhein 1820–1850 (Paderborn, 1973)Google Scholar; Schieder, Wolfgang, “Kirche und Revolution: Zur Sozialgeschichte der Trierer Wallfahrt von 1844,” Archiv für Sozialgeschichte 14 (1974): 419–54Google Scholar. This viewpoint can be found in some of the more recent secondary literature: the editorial comments of Heinen, Ernst, ed., Staatliche Macht und Katholizismus in Deutschland, 2 vols. (Paderborn, 1969–1979)Google Scholar; in Rauscher, Anton, ed., Der soziale und politische Katholizismus: Entwicklungslinien in Deutschland 1803–1963, 2 vols. (Munich and Vienna, 1981)Google Scholar, the essays of Hollerbach, Alexander, “Katholische Kirche und Katholizismus vor dem Problem der Verfassungsstaatlichkeit,” 1: 46–71, esp. 71Google Scholar, and Morsey, Rudolf, “Der Kulturkampf,” 1: 72–109, esp. 75–78Google Scholar, reflect this newer viewpoint, while that of Lill, Rudolf, “Reichskirche–Säkularisation–Katholische Bewegung: Zur historischen Ausgangssituation des deutschen Katholizismus im 19. Jahrhundert,” 1: 15–45, esp. 43Google Scholar. tends to an older view of two inherently opposing institutions.

3. The religious tradition of the Diocese (now Archdiocese) of Paderborn is presented in the essays in Paderbornensis Ecclesia: Beiträge zur Geschichte des Erzbistums Paderborn: Festschrift für Lorenz Kardinal Jaeger zum 80. Geburtstag am 23. September 1972, ed. Scheele, Werner (Munich, Paderborn, and Vienna, 1972)Google Scholar. Socioeconomic conditions and conflicts in the Prince-Bishopric towards the end of the eighteenth century are discussed by Henning, Friedrich-Wilhelm, Dienste und Abgaben der Bauern im 18. Jahrhundert (Stuttgart, 1969), 76–81Google Scholar; Heggen, Alfred, Staat und Wirtschaft im Fürstbistum Paderborn im 18. Jahrhundert (Paderborn, 1978)Google Scholar; Reekers, Stephanie, “Beiträge zur statistischen Darstellung der gewerblichen Wirtschaft Westfalens um 1800, Teil 1: Paderborn und Münster,” Westfälische Forschungen 17 (1964): 83–176Google Scholar; Mooser, Josef, “Gleichheit und Ungleichheit in der ländlichen Gemeinde: Sozialstruktur und Kommunalverfassung im östlichen Westfalen vom späten 18. bis in die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts,“ Archiv für Sozialgeschichte 19 (1979): 231–62Google Scholar; Keinemann, Friedrich, “Unruhen und Krisen im Fürstbistum Paderborn am Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts,“ Westfälische Zeitschrift 118 (1968): 339–62.Google Scholar

4. Richter, W., “Der Übergang des Hochstifts Paderborn an Preussen,” Zeitschrift für vaterländesche Geschichte 62 (1904): 163–235; 63 (1905): 1–62; 64 (1906): 1–65; 65 (1907): 1–112Google Scholar; Lüdtke, Alf, “Gemeinwohl” Polizei und Festungspraxis: Staatliche Gewaltsamkeit und innere Verwaltung in Preussen, 1815–1850 (Götingen, 1982), 106–13Google Scholar; Mooser, “Gleichheit und Ungleichheit”; Keinemann, , Kölner Ereignis, 1: 322, 336, 412–25Google Scholar; Hohmann, Friedrich, “Domkapitel und Bischofswahlen in Paderborn 1821–1856,” Westfälische Zeitschrift 121 (1971): 365–450Google Scholar; Kölnische Zeitung, 12, 15, 16, 18 Sept. 1841 (accounts reprinted from the Westfälische Merkur of demonstrations and parades in honor of the deposed Archbishop in Paderborn and vicinity while he was taking the waters at Bad Lippspringe).

5. Schulte, Wilhelm, Volk und Staat: Westfalen im Vormärz und in der Revolution 1848/49 (Münster, 1954), 183–211.Google Scholar

6. On the riots, ibid., 171–73. For clerical attitudes, ibid., 162; Rothart, Liebetraut, “Zur Herkunft westfälischer Bergleute auf Bochumer Schachtanlagen im 19. Jahrhundert,” Westfälische Forschungen 31 (1981): 73–117, esp. 106Google Scholar; Gatz, Erwin, Rheinische Volksmission im 19. Jahrhundert: Dargestellt am Beispiel des Erzbistums Köln (Düsseldorf, 1963), 64.Google Scholar

7. Generally, on the democratic movement, Paschen, Joachim, Demokratische Vereine und preussischer Staat: Entwicklung und Unterdrückung der demokratischen Bewegung während der Revolution von 1848/49 (Munich and Vienna, 1977)Google Scholar; on its activities in Westphalia, Schulte, Volk und Staat, 218–30; on the movement in Paderborn, ibid., 59, 227, 255–56; RudolfKiepke, , “Die Geschichte der Paderborner Presse von ihren Anfängen bis zum Ausgang des Kulturkampfes 1599–1880,” Zeitschrift für vaterländische Geschichte 89, pt. 2 (1932): 1–75, esp. 45–50Google Scholar; Staatsarchiv Detmold [STAD] M1 IP Nr. 361 Bl. 65–71.

8. On the political stance of the Catholic deputies in Berlin, see Hömig, Herbert, Rheinische Katholiken und Liberate in den Auseinandersetzungen um die preussische Verfassung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Kölner Presse (Cologne, 1971), 32–57Google Scholar; cf. also, Schulte, Volk und Staat, 207–10. On events in Paderborn, see Kiepke, “Paderborner Presse,” 56–58. For the development and activities of the Pius Associations, cf. STAD M1 IP Nr. 361 Bl. 65–71; Staatsarchiv Münster [STAM] Oberpräsidium [OP] Nr. 1914 BI. 12–18.

9. Schulte, Volk und Staat, 251–91, esp. 280, n. 77; Kiepke, “Paderborner Presse,” 61.

10. In general, on the Reichsverfassungskampagne, Klessmann, Christoph, “Zur Sozialgeschichte der Reichsverfassungskampagne von 1849,” Historische Zeitschrift 218 (1974): 283–337CrossRefGoogle Scholar; events in Westphalia can be followed in Schulte, Volk und Staat, 294–318; in Paderborn, ibid., 585, n. 44, 724–25, n. Ia.

11. On the beginning of reaction in Westphalia, Schulte, Volk und Staat, 323–37; for events in Paderborn, ibid., 59–60, 741–42, n. 5; Kiepke, “Paderborner Presse,” 55; STAM OP Nr. 2691 Bl. 100–109, 143.

12. Wegmann, Dietrich, Die leitenden Verwaltungsbeamten der Provinz Westfalen 1815–1918 (Münster, 1969), 42, 48, 85–90Google Scholar; Schulte, Volk und Staat, 208, 584–85, nn. 41–42; Klöcker, Michael, Theodor Brüggermann (1796–1866) (Ratingen and Kastellaun, 1975), 163–69, 199–208.Google Scholar

13. Schulte, Volk und Staat, 325–26, 335–36, 747, n. 18; Pülke, Engelbert, “Geschichte der politischen Parteien im Kreise Recklinghausen von ihrer Entstehung bis zum Ende des Kulturkampfes (1848–1889),” Vestische Zeitschrift 41 (1934): 3–163, esp. 74–75, 82–86Google Scholar; STAM OP Nr. 2691 Bl. 44; STAM OP Nr. 495 Bl. 76–83.

14. STAM OP Nr. 2691 Bl. 94, 98, 106–107, 133–48.

15. STAM OP Nr. 1914, esp. Bl. 58–61.

16. On the church-state conflict in Baden, see Gall, Lothar, Der Liberalismus als regierende Partei: Das Grossherzogtum Baden zwischen Restauration und Reichsgründung (Wiesbaden, 1968), 90–94Google Scholar; Becker, Josef, Liberaler Staat und Kirche in der Ära von Reichsgründung und Kulturkampf: Geschichte und Struckturen ihres Verhältnisses in Baden 1860–1876 (Mainz, 1973) 24–26Google Scholar. My account of the conflict over the article in the Westfälisches Kirchenblatt is based on STAM OP Nr. 1085 Bl. 159–83.

17. On the Jesuits and their activities, see Gatz, Volksmission, passim; the controversy over attempts to restrict their role (the so-called “Raumer decree”) and Catholic response to it can be followed in Bachem, , Zentrumspartei, 2: 96–111Google Scholar.

18. Regierungs Vizepräsident Naumann (Münster) to Oberpräsident [Op] von Duesberg, 24 Aug. 1853, STAM OP Nr. 2048; Regierungs Präsident [RP] Peters (Minden) to Op von Duesberg, 13 Aug. 1853, and RP von Bodelschwingh (Arnsberg) to Op von Duesberg, 12 Jul. 1853, STAM OP Nr. 2033.

19. RP Peters (Minden) to Minister of Religious and Educational Affairs von Raumer and Interior Minister [IM] von Westphalen, 21 Jan. 1854; RP Peters (Minden) to Royal Police Lieutenant Klug (eigenhändig, citissime), 29 Oct. 1854 and IM von Westphalen to Peters, 16 Dec. 1854, STAD MI Pr. Nr. 461. All of Klug's reports are in this fascicle. Duesberg's initial exclusion from knowledge of this mission is apparent from his letter to Peters, 14 Oct. 1855, also in STAD M1 Pr. Nr. 461. On the position of the Provincial Governor in the Prussian bureaucracy, see Koselleck, Reinhart, Preussen zwischen Reform und Revolution (Stuttgart, 1967), 221–37Google Scholar; Wegmann, Die leitenden Verwaltungsbeamten, 16–20.

20. Klug's mission in Paderborn was part of the creation, during the 1850s, of a broader political police network in Prussia which acted outside of regular bureaucratic channels. Siemann, Wolfram, “Deutschlands Ruhe, Sicherheit und Ordnung”: Die Anfänge der politischen Polizei 1806–1866 (Tübingen, 1985), 340–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The results of Klug's activities, however, suggest the repressive effects of this political police network were less than Siemann seems to think.

21. Klug's confusion about the Westphalian Catholic nobility in his first report (1 Nov. 1854) shows his lack of knowledge of the area; his account of his interviews with the Landrat (also in this report) and with Catholic publisher Schöningh (Kiepke, “Paderborner Presse,” 59) testifies to his bullying ways.

22. Report of 19 Apr. 1855. See also, reports of 1 Nov. and 1 Dec. 1854, 25 Aug 1855.

23. On the visit of the prince of Prussia, see reports of 7 Apr. and 23 June 1855. Even Klug had to admit that the sermons of the Jesuits in their Paderborn mission were “moderate” [massvoll] (report of 1 Dec. 1855). Klug's attempts to find pro-Austrian remarks and the incident involving Hillebrand are in his report of 15 Feb. 1855. The account given by the Landrat of Hillebrand's remarks, while differing in detail from Klug's, basically confirms the policeman's contentions. Landrat Grasso (Paderborn) to Regierung Minden, 10 Mar. 1855, STAD M1 Pr. Nr. 461.

24. Reports of 1 Nov. 1854 and 17 Jan. 1855.

25. Reports of 1 Nov. and 1 Dec. 1854, 25 Aug. 1855. State's Attorney Berghan was anti-Jesuit, only too much so. He told Klug that if the Jesuits found out about his mission they would try and kill him, which even Klug found a bit implausible (report of 1 Nov. 1854).

26. Report of 1 Dec. 1854.

27. STAM OP Nr. 1085 Bl. 179–82; Kiepke, “Paderborner Presse,” 54–55; report on the political stance of the Westphalian press in 1863, STAM OP Nr. 97. In 1883, the journal merged with the Essener Zeitung to form the Rheinisch-Westfälische Zeitung, the notorious press organ of the Ruhr basin industrialists.

28. Reports of 6 and 23 July 1855. On the unfortunate history of the Protestant-conservative Rheinischer Beobachter, which swallowed enormous subsidies, and, rather than gaining support for the government, offended both Catholics and liberals, see Hansen, Joseph, ed., Rheinische Briefe und Akten zur Geschichte der politischen Bewegung 1830–1850, 2 vols. in 3 (Bonn, 1919–1942, 1976; vol. 2, pt. 2 ed. Boberach, Heinz)Google Scholar, 1, nos. 275, 277, 340; 2, pt. 1, nos. 15, 191, 233, 279.

29. RP Peters to Op von Duesberg, 31 May 1855; Op von Duesberg to IM von Westphalen, 8 June 1855 and IM von Westphalen to OP von Duesberg, 22 July 1855, STAM OP Nr. 500.

30. Report of 23 July 1855. On the political situation in Rhineland-Westphalia in 1855, see Sperber, Jonathan, Popular Catholicism in Nineteenth Century Germany: Society, Religion and Politics in Rhineland-Westphalia, 1830–1880 (Princeton, 1984), 106–14.Google Scholar

31. This, and subsequent material on the Alcantorians, is based on the following sources: Klug's reports of 5 Feb., 5 May 1855; Kirchliches Amtsblatt der Diözese Paderborn, vol. 4, no. 12, 27 07 1855 (Beilage)Google Scholar; Sonntagsblatt für katholische Christen (Münster) 14 (1855): 982–84Google Scholar.

32. On the German Catholics and their activities in 1848–49, see Graf, Friedrich Wilhelm, Die Politisierung des religiösen Bewusstseins: Die bürgerlichen Religionsparteien im Vormärz: Das Beispiel des Deutschkatholizismus (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, 1978), 33–38, 120–64Google Scholar; Schulte, Volk und Staat, 224, 602, n. 16, 771–72. On the sect's rise and fall in the Diocese of Paderborn, STAM OP Nr. 2047 I Bl. 73–74; STAM LA Kr. Iserlohn Nr. 375 and 635, STAM LA Kr. Hagen Nr. 510. The one-time influence of the German Catholics in the Diocese of Paderborn had not been forgotten even in the 1870s as their example was stressed in a prohibited pastoral letter of 1874 on the anti-Infallibilist Old Catholics, STAM OP Nr. 1601 I Bl. 221–26.

33. For the proposed royal police inspectorate, Dam's actions, and their consequences, see Klug's reports of 20 May, 24 Sept., 4 Nov., 1855; Op von Duesberg to RP Peters, 14 Oct. 1855, RP Peters to IM von Westphalen, 7 Nov. 1855, STAD M1 Pr. Nr. 461; STAM OP Nr. 1085 Bl. 199–216.

34. Klug's last report (significantly, prepared on Duesberg's orders) was dated 20 Aug. 1857; after that, he just sent in a quarterly list of the Jesuits resident in Paderborn. On Klug's position in the city during the closing years of his mission, see State's Attorney Berghan (Paderborn) to RP von Bardeleben (Minden), 4 May 1859, STAD M1 Pr. Nr. 461.

35. On Peters's dismissal and von Bardeleben's appointment, see Wegmann, Die leitenden Verwaltungsbeamten, 137–38; political alignments in the Paderborn region after 1858 can be followed through Sperber, Popular Catholicism, 118–21, 132–35, 139.

36. For another such Catholic official, and his many thankless tasks, see Michael Klöcker's excellent biography of Theodor Brüggerman (n. 12).

37. This is why the Kulturkampf can not be seen as just another instance of police-state tactics towards the church. It required a liberal ministry, which, unlike the reaction era officials, was unimpressed by the charge that persecuting the Catholic Church was opening the doors to subversion.