1. See Kocka, Jürgen, Weder Stand noch Klasse: Unterschichten um 1800 (Bonn, 1990)Google Scholar, and Arbeitsverhältnisse und Arbeiterexistenzen: Grundlagen der Klassenbildung im 19. Jahrhundert (Bonn, 1990);Google ScholarWinkler, Heinrich August, Von der Revolution zur Stabilisierung: Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in der Weimarer Republik 1918 bis 1924 (Bonn, 1984)Google Scholar, idem, Der Schein der Normalität: Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in der Weimarer Republic 1924 bis 1930 (Bonn, 1985)Google Scholar, and idem, Der Weg in die Katastrophe: Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in der Weimarer Republik 1930 bis 1933 (Bonn, 1987).Google Scholar

2. Wehler, Hans-Ulrich, Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte, vol. 1:Google ScholarVom Feudalismus des Alten Reiches bis zur defensiven Modernisierung der Reformära 1700–1815; vol. 2.Google ScholarVon der Reformära bis zur industriellen und politischen “Deutschen Doppelrevolution” 1815–1845/49 (Munich, 1987).Google Scholar

3. Ritter, Gerhard A., Die Arbeiterbewegung im Wilhelminischen Reich 1890–1900 (West Berlin, 1959).Google Scholar

4. Somers, Margaret R., “Comparative Working-Class Formations: How Far Have We Come?,” Social History, forthcoming.Google Scholar This essay is an incisive critique of Katzenelson, Ira and Zolberg, Aristide R., eds., Working-Class Formation, Nineteenth-Century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States (Princeton, 1986)Google Scholar, which contains a contribution by Jürgen Kocka outlining the framework of argument in effect for the Ritter and Tenfelde volume: “Problems of Working-Class Formation in Germany: The Early Years, 1800–1875,” 279–351. For a brief earlier version of the critique, see Somers, Margaret R., “Workers of the World, Compare!” Contemporary Sociology 18 (1989): 325–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

5. Thompson, Edward P., The Making of the English Working Class (London, 1963).Google Scholar

6. See now especially the work of Canning, Kathleen, “Gender and the Politics of Class Formation: Rethinking German Labor History,” American Historical Review 97 (1992): 736–68;CrossRefGoogle Scholaridem, “Gender and the Culture of Work: Ideology and the Identity in the World Behind the Mill Gate, 1890–1914,” in Elections, Mass Politics and Social Change in Modern Germany. New Perspectives, ed. Larry E. Jones and James R. Retallack (Cambridge, 1992), 175–99;Google Scholar and Canning, Kathleen, Gender and the Changing Meanings of Work: Structures and Rhetorics in the Making of the Textile Factory Work Place in Germany, 1850–1914 (Ithaca, 1995).Google Scholar

7. Na'aman, Shlomo, Der Deutsche Nationalverein. Die politische Konstituierung des deutschen Bürgertums 1859–1867 (Düsseldorf, 1987).Google Scholar

8. See Blackbourn, David and Eley, Geoff, The Peculiaritieis of German History. Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Germany (Oxford, 1984).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

9. Zang, Gert, ed., Provinzialisierung einer Region. Zur Enstehung der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft in der Provinz (Frankfurt am Main, 1978).Google Scholar

10. See especially Engelhardt's, Ulrich “Nur vereinigt sind wir stark—Die Anfänge der deutschen Gewerkschaftsbewegung 1862/3 bis 1869/70 (Stuttgart, 1977).Google Scholar

11. See Jones, Gareth Stedman, “Working-Class Culture and Working-Class Politics in London 1870–1900,” Journal of Social History 7 (1973–1974): 460–501;CrossRefGoogle ScholarBailey, Peter, Leisure and Class in Victorian England. Rational Recreation and the Contest for Control (London, 1978);Google ScholarEileen, and Yeo, Stephen, eds., Popular Culture and Class Conflict 1590–1914 (Brighton, 1981).Google Scholar

12. I am thinking especially of Williams, Raymond, Culture and Society, 1780–1950 (London, 1958)Google Scholar, idem, The Long Revolution (London, 1961)Google Scholar, idem, Communications (Harmondsworth, 1962)Google Scholar, and idem, Television: Technology and Cultural Form (London, 1974).Google Scholar For Habermas, Jürgen, see The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (Cambridge, Mass., 1989)Google Scholar, and Calhoun, Craig, ed., Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge, Mass., 1992).Google Scholar My own attempt to deploy the idea of the public sphere historically is Geoff Eley, “Nations, Publics, and Political Cultures: Placing Habermas in the Nineteenth Century”, ibid., 289–339, reprinted in Culture/Power/History: A Reader in Contemporary Social Theory, ed. Dirks, Nicholas B., Eley, Geoff and Ortner, Sherry B. (Princeton, 1994), 297–335.Google Scholar

13. This idea is Eric Hobsbawm's argument in his famous essay on “The Making of the Working Class 1870–1914,” in idem, Workers: Worlds of Labor (New York, 1984), 194–213.Google Scholar

14. See for example, Williamson, Judith, Consuming Passions: The Dynamics of Popular Culture (London, 1986);Google ScholarGammon, Lorraine and Marshment, Margaret, eds., The Female Gaze: Women as Viewers of Popular Culture (London, 1988);Google ScholarCoward, Rosalind, Female Desires. How They Are Sought, Bought and Packaged (New York, 1985);Google ScholarAlexander, Sally, “Becoming a Woman in London in the 1920s and 1930s,” in Metropolis—London. Histories and Representations since 1800, ed. Feldman, David and Jones, Gareth Stedman (London, 1989), 245–71;Google ScholarMatthews, Jill, “They Had Such a Lot of Fun: The Women's League of Health and Beauty,” History Workshop Journal 30 (Autumn 1990): 22–54;Google ScholarRosenhaft, Eve, “Women, Gender, and the Limits of Political History in the Age of ‘Mass’ Politics,” in Elections, Mass Politics, and Social Change, ed. Jones, and Retallack, , 149–74.Google Scholar

15. See especially the following: Lüdtke, Alf, ed., Alltagsgeschichte. Zur Rekonstruktion historischer Erfahrungen und Lebensweisen (Frankfurt am Main, 1989)Google Scholar, shortly to be published by Princeton University Press under the title of The History of Everyday. Reconstructing Historical Experience and Ways of Life, trans. William Templer (1995); idem, Eigen-Sinn. Fabrikalltag, Arbeitserfahrungen und Politik vom Kaiserreich bis in den Faschismus (Hamburg, 1993);Google Scholaridem, “Polymorphous Synchrony: German Industrial Workers and the Politics of Everyday Life,” International Review of Social History 38 (1993), Supplement: 39–84;CrossRefGoogle ScholarSaldern, Adelheid von, Auf dem Wege zum Arbeiter-Reformismus: Parteialltag im sozialdemokratischen Göttingen (1870–1920) (Frankfurt am Main, 1984):Google ScholarBrüggemeier, Franz-Josef, Leben vor Ort: Ruhrbergleute und Ruhrbergbau 1889–1919 (Munich, 1984).Google Scholar

16. Roberts, James S., “Der Alkoholkonsum der deutschen Arbeiter im 19. Jahrhundert,” Geschichte und Gesellschaft 6 (1980): 221f.;Google Scholar and idem, Drink, Temperance and the Working Class in Nineteenth-Century Germany, Boston, 1984.Google Scholar See also Barrows, Susanna and Room, Robin, eds., Drinking: Behavior and Belief in Modern History (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1991).Google Scholar

17. See here Lüdtke, “Polymorphous Synchrony.”

18. For Peukert, Detlev J. K., see the following: Grenzen der Sozialdisziplinierung. Aufstieg und Krise der deutschen Jugendfürsorge 1878 bis 1932 (Cologne, 1986);Google Scholaridem, Jugend zwischen Krieg und Krise. Lebenswelten von Arbeiterjungen in der Weimarer Republick (Cologne, 1987);Google Scholar and especially “The Genesis of the ‘Final Solution’ from the Spirit of Science,” in Reevaluating the Third Reich, ed. Childers, Thomas and Caplan, Jame (New York, 1993), 234–52.Google Scholar For an excellent introduction to Peukert's work, see Crew, David F., “Pathologies of Modernity: Detlev Peukert on Germany's Twentieth Century” Social History 17 (1992): 319–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar More generally, see Garland, David, Punishment and Welfare. A History of Penal Strategies (Brookfield, Vermont, 1985).Google Scholar

19. The most important contribution so far is Lüdtke, Eigen-Sinn. See also Lüdtke, “Polymorphous Synchrony”, and idem, ed., Alltagsgeschichte.