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Introduction: Masculinity and the Third Reich

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2018

Thomas Kühne
Thomas Kühne*
Affiliation:
Clark University
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Central European History , Volume 51 , Special Issue 3: Masculinity and the Third Reich , September 2018 , pp. 354 - 366
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Copyright © Central European History Society of the American Historical Association 2018 

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Footnotes

I would like to express my deep gratitude to Andrew I. Port for his superior guidance in putting together this special issue and for his superb editing of my and all the other articles.

References

1 Kimmel, Michael, The Gendered Society, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 6Google Scholar.

2 Influential monographs and anthologies in sociology include Brod, Harry, ed., The Making of Masculinities: The New Men's Studies (Boston, MA: Allen & Unwin, 1987)Google Scholar; Brod, Harry and Kaufman, Michael, eds., Theorizing Masculinities (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994)Google Scholar; in anthropology, see Gilmore, David D., Manhood in the Making: Cultural Concepts of Masculinity (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990)Google Scholar; Herdt, Gilbert H., Guardians of the Flutes: Idioms of Masculinity (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1981)Google Scholar; in literary studies, see Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky, Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985)Google Scholar; in history, see Stearns, Peter N., Be a Man! Males in Modern Societies (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1979)Google Scholar; Mangan, J. A. and Walvon, James, eds., Manliness and Morality: Middle-class manliness in Britain and America, 1800–1940 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987)Google Scholar; Roper, Michael and Tosh, John, eds., Manful Assertions: Masculinities in Britain since 1800 (London: Routledge, 1991)Google Scholar.

3 Kimmel, Michael and Messner, Michael A., eds., Men's Lives, 9th ed. (Boston, MA: Pearson, 2013)Google Scholar; Kimmel, Michael and Aronson, Amy, eds., Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural, and Historical Encyclopedia (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC Clio, 2004)Google Scholar; Kimmel, Michael S., Hearn, Jeff, and Connell, R. W., eds., Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinities (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2004)Google Scholar; Horlacher, Stefan, Jansen, Bettina, and Schwanebeck, Wieland, eds., Männlichkeit. Ein interdisziplinäres Handbuch (Stuttgart: Metzler, 2016)Google Scholar. The last is an excellent survey of the development of the field in different countries and disciplines, with no equivalent in English. Also see Peretz, Tal, “Why Study Men and Masculinities? A Theorized Research Review,” Graduate Journal of Science 12, no. 3 (2012): 30–43Google Scholar.

4 Theweleit, Klaus, Male Fantasies, vol. I: Women, Floods, Bodies, History; vol. II: Male Bodies: Psychoanalyzing the White Terror, trans. Conway, Stephen (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989)Google Scholar. The German original appeared as Männerphantasien, 2 vols. (Frankfurt/Main: Roter Stern, 1977–1978). The reception is scrutinized in Reichardt, Sven, “Klaus Theweleits ‘Männerphantasien’—ein Erfolgsbuch der 1970er-Jahre,” Zeithistorische Forschungen/Studies in Contemporary History 3 (2006): 401–21Google Scholar. For an early, yet still important critique, see Evans, Richard J., “Geschichte, Psychologie und Geschlechterbeziehungen,” Geschichte und Gesellschaft 7, no. 3–4 (1981): 597–606Google Scholar.

5 Koonz, Claudia, “A Tributary and a Mainstream: Gender, Public Memory, and Historiography of Nazi Germany,” in Gendering Modern German Historiography, ed. Hagemann, Karen and Quataert, Jean H. (New York: Berghahn, 2007), 151Google Scholar. This article is also useful for the debates in the 1980s.

6 Koonz, Claudia, Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, the Family, and Nazi Politics (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987)Google Scholar.

7 Grossmann, Atina, “Feminist Debates,” Gender & History 3, no. 3 (1991): 350–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Saldern, Adelheid von, “Victims or Perpetrators? Controversies about the Role of Women in the Nazi State,” in Nazism and German Society, 1933–1945, ed. Crew, David F. (London: Routledge, 1994), 141–66Google Scholar; Stibbe, Mathew, Women in the Third Reich (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003)Google Scholar.

8 Schwarz, Gudrun, Eine Frau an seiner Seite. Ehefrauen in der „SS-Sippengemeinschaft“ (Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 1997)Google Scholar; Harvey, Elizabeth, Women and the Nazi East: Agents and Witnesses of Germanization (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003)Google Scholar; Joshi, Vandani, Gender and Power in the Third Reich: Female Denouncers and the Gestapo (1933–45) (Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Mailänder, Elissa, Female SS Guards and Workaday Violence: The Majdanek Concentration Camp, 1942–1944 (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2015)Google Scholar; Lower, Wendy, Hitler's Furies: German Women in the Nazi Killing Fields (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 2013)Google Scholar.

9 Scott, Joan W., “Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis,” American Historical Review 91, no. 5 (1986): 1053–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

10 The discussion was initiated and shaped by Goldenberg, Myrna, “Different Horrors, Same Hell: Women Remembering the Holocaust,” in Thinking the Unthinkable: Meanings of the Holocaust, ed. Gottlieb, R. (New York: Paulist, 1991), 150–66Google Scholar; Rittner, Carol and Roth, John K., eds., Different Voices: Women and the Holocaust (New York: Paragon, 1993)Google Scholar; Baumel, Judith Tydor, Double Jeopardy: Gender and the Holocaust (London: Valentine Mitchell, 1998)Google Scholar; Ofer, Dalia and Weitzman, Leonore, eds., Women in the Holocaust (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998)Google Scholar. Recent research surveys include Weitzman, Leonore J., “Women,” in The Oxford Handbook of Holocaust Studies, ed. Hayes, Peter and Roth, John K. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 203–17Google Scholar; Caplan, Jane, “Gender and the Concentration Camps,” in Concentration Camps in Nazi Germany, ed. Caplan, Jane and Wachsmann, Nikolaus (London: Routledge, 2010), 58–81Google Scholar; Pine, Lisa, “Gender and the Holocaust: Male and Female Experiences of Auschwitz,” in Genocide and Gender in the Twentieth Century: A Comparative Survey, ed. Randall, Amy E. (London: Bloomsbury, 2015), 37–61Google Scholar.

11 Kaplan, Marion, “Gender: A Crucial Tool in Holocaust Research,” in Lessons and Legacies IV, ed. Thompson, Larry V. (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2003), 163–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar; idem, Between Dignity and Despair: Jewish Life in Nazi Germany (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998); Tec, Nechama, Resilience and Courage: Women, Men, and the Holocaust (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003)Google Scholar.

12 Hagemann, Karen and Schüler-Springorum, Stefanie, eds., Home/Front: The Military, War and Gender in Twentieth-Century Germany (Frankfurt/Main: Campus, 2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hagemann, Karen, Dudink, Stefan, and Rose, Sonya O., eds., Oxford Handbook of Gender, War and the Western World since 1600 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018)Google Scholar.

13 Margaret, and Higonnet, Patrice, “The Double Helix,” in Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars, ed. Higonnet, Margaret et al. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987), 31–47Google Scholar.

14 Jeffords, Susan, The Remasculinization of America: Gender and the Vietnam War (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989)Google Scholar. On post-1945 Germany, see Moeller, Robert G., “The ‘Remasculinization’ of Germany in the 1950s: Introduction,” Signs 24, no. 1 (1998): 101–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar; idem, “Heimkehr ins Vaterland: Die Remaskulinisierung Westdeutschlands in den fünfziger Jahren,” Militärgeschichtliche Zeitschrift 60, no. 2 (2001): 403–36; Frank Biess, “Men of Reconstruction, the Reconstruction of Men: Returning POWs in East and West Germany,” in Hagemann and Schüler-Springorum, Home/Front, 335–58.

15 Interest in the topic was spurred by the essayistic assessments by Mosse, George L., Fallen Soldiers: Shaping the Memory of the World Wars (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990)Google Scholar; idem, The Image of Man: The Creation of Modern Masculinity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).

16 Bourke, Joanna, Dismembering the Male: Men's Bodies, Britain, and the Great War (London: Reaction, 1996)Google Scholar.

17 Michael Roper and John Tosh, “Introduction: Historians and the Politics and Masculinity,” in Roper and Tosh, Manful Assertions, 1–24; Kühne, Thomas, “Männergeschichte als Geschlechtergeschichte,” in Männlichkeit im Wandel der Moderne, ed. Kühne, Thomas (Frankfurt/Main: Campus, 1996), 7–30Google Scholar.

18 Carrigan, Tim, Connell, Bob, and Lee, John, “Towards a New Sociology of Masculinity,” Theory and Society 14, no. 5 (1985): 551–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Connell, R. W., Gender and Power (Cambridge: Polity, 1987)Google Scholar; idem, Masculinities (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); idem, “The Social Organization of Masculinity,” The Masculinities Reader, ed. Frank J. Barrett and Stephen Whitehead (Cambridge: Polity, 2001), 38–40; Connell, R. W. and Messerschmidt, James W., “Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept,” Gender & Society 19, no. 2 (2005): 829–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Cf. Tosh, John, “Hegemonic Masculinity and the History of Gender,” in Masculinities in Politics and War: Gendering Modern History, ed. Dudink, Stefan, Hagemann, Karen, and Tosh, John (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004), 41–58Google Scholar. Also see Barrett, Frank J., “The Organizational Construction of Hegemonic Masculinity: The Case of the US Navy,” Gender, Work and Organization 3, no. 3 (1996): 129–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

19 Reeser, Todd W., Masculinities in Theory. An Introduction (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 8, 12, 14, 39–40; Butler, Judith, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routledge, 1990)Google Scholar.

20 Halberstam, Judith, Female Masculinity (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998)Google Scholar. Cf. Reeser, Masculinities in Theory, 119–43.

21 de Almeida, Miguel Vale, The Hegemonic Male: Masculinity in a Portuguese Town (Providence, RI: Berghahn, 1996), 116Google Scholar.

22 Collins, Patricia Hill and Bilge, Sirma, eds., I ntersectionality (Cambridge: Polity, 2016)Google Scholar. Cf. Reeser, Masculinities in Theory, 144–70; Rose, Sonya O., What is Gender History? (Cambridge: Polity, 2010), 36–55Google Scholar.

23 Reeser, Masculinities in Theory, 38–39, 45.

24 Canning, Kathleen, Gender History in Practice: Historical Perspectives on Bodies, Class, and Citizenship (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006), 15Google Scholar.

25 Frevert, Ute, “Männergeschichte oder die Suche nach dem ‘ersten’ Geschlecht,” in Was ist Gesellschaftsgeschichte? Positionen, Themen, Analysen, ed. Hettling, Manfred et al. (Munich: C. W. Beck, 1991), 31–44Google Scholar; Kühne, Thomas, ed., Männergeschichte—Geschlechtergeschichte. Männlichkeit im Wandel der Moderne (Frankfurt/Main: Campus, 1996)Google Scholar; Erhart, Walter and Herrmann, Britta, eds., Wann ist der Mann ein Mann? Zur Geschichte der Männlichkeit (Stuttgart: Metzler, 1997)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Dinges, Martin, ed., Männer—Macht—Körper. Hegemoniale Männlichkeiten vom Mittelalter bis heute (Frankfurt/Main: Campus, 2005)Google Scholar; Hanisch, Ernst, Männlichkeiten. Eine andere Geschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts (Cologne: Böhlau, 2005)Google Scholar; Borutta, Manuel and Verheyen, Nina, eds., Die Präsenz der Gefühle. Männlichkeit und Emotion im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (Bielefeld: transcript, 2010)Google Scholar. Excellent surveys include Martschukat, Jürgen and Stieglitz, Olaf, Geschichte der Männlichkeiten (Frankfurt/Main: Campus, 2008)Google Scholar; Hagemann and Quataert, Gendering Modern German Historiography; Walter Erhart, “Deutschsprachige Männlichkeitsforschung,” in Horlacher, Jansen, and Schwanebeck, Männlichkeit, 11–25.

26 Some recent research is included in Dietrich, Anette and Heise, Ljiljana, eds., Männlichkeitskonstruktionen im Nationalsozialismus. Formen, Funktionen und Wirkungsmacht von Geschlechterkonstruktionen im Nationalsozialismus und ihre Reflektion in der pädagogischen Praxis (Frankfurt/Main: Peter Lang, 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Three excellent literature reviews note the neglect of men and masculinities: Stibbe, Matthew, “In and Beyond the Racial State: Gender and National Socialism, 1933–1945,” Politics, Religion & Ideology 13, no. 2 (2012): 161CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Saldern, Adelheid von, “Innovative Trends in Women's and Gender Studies of the National Socialist Era,” German History 27, no. 1 (2009): 84–112Google Scholar; Heineman, Elizabeth D., “Sexuality and Nazism: The Doubly Unspeakable,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 11, no. 1–2 (2002): 22–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

27 Diehl, Paula, Macht—Mythos—Utopie. Die Körperbilder der SS-Männer (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2005)Google Scholar; Wildmann, Daniel, Begehrte Körper. Konstruktion und Inszenierung des „arischen” Männerkörpers im „Dritten Reich“ (Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 1998)Google Scholar; Patel, Kiran Klaus, „Erziehungsziel: Männlichkeit. Körperbilder und Körperpraktiken im Nationalsozialismus und im New Deal in den USA,” in Körper im Nationalsozialismus. Bilder und Praxen, ed. Diehl, Paula (Munich: Funk, 2006), 229–48Google Scholar.

28 Heineman, Elizabeth, What Difference Does a Husband Make? Women and Marital Status in Nazi and Postwar Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999)Google Scholar; Herzog, Dagmar, Sex After Fascism: Memory and Morality in Twentieth-Century Germany (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005)Google Scholar; Mühlhäuser, Regina, “Between ‘Racial Awareness’ and Fantasies of Potency: Nazi Sexual Politics in the Occupied Territories of the Soviet Union, 1942–1945,” in Brutality and Desire: War and Sexuality in Europe's Twentieth Century, ed. Herzog, Dagmar (Houndmills: Palgrave, 2009)Google Scholar; idem, Eroberungen. Sexuelle Gewalttaten und intime Beziehungen deutscher Soldaten in der Sowjetunion (Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 2010).

29 Plant, Richard, The Pink Triangle: The Nazi War against Homosexuals (New York: Henry Holt, 1986)Google Scholar; Jellonnek, Burkhard, Homosexuelle unter dem Hakenkreuz: Die Verfolgung von Homosexuellen im Dritten Reich (Paderborn: Schöningh, 1990)Google Scholar; Grau, Günter, ed., Hidden Holocaust? Gay and Lesbian Persecution in Germany 1933–45 (London: Cassell, 1995)Google Scholar; Giles, Geoffrey, “The Denial of Homosexuality: Same-Sex Incidents in Himmler's SS and Police,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 11, no. 1–2 (2002): 256–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Nieden, Susanne zur, ed., Homosexualität und Staatsräson. Männlichkeit, Homophobie und Politik in Deutschland 1900–1945 (Frankfurt/Main: Campus, 2005)Google Scholar; Wackerfuss, Andrew, Stormtrooper Families—Homosexuality and Community in the Early Nazi Movement (New York: Harrington Park Press, 2015)Google Scholar. Also see Jason Crouthamel's contribution to this issue.

30 Kühne, Thomas, “Kameradschaft–“das Beste im Leben des Mannes”. Die deutschen Soldaten des Zweiten Weltkrieges in erfahrungs- und geschlechtergeschichtlicher Perspektive,” Geschichte und Gesellschaft 22, no. 4 (1996): 504–29Google Scholar; idem, Kameradschaft: Die Soldaten des nationalsozialistischen Krieges und das 20. Jahrhundert (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2006); idem, “Male Bonding and Shame Culture: Hitler's Soldiers and the Moral Basis of Genocidal Warfare,” in Ordinary People as Mass Murderers: Perpetrators in Comparative Perspectives, ed. Olaf Jensen, Claus-Christian W. Szejnmann, and Martin L. Davies (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 55–77; idem, Belonging and Genocide: Hitler's Community, 1918–1945 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010); idem, The Rise and Fall of Comradeship: Hitler's Soldiers, Male Bonding and Mass Violence in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017). Cf. Dröge, Martin, “Männlichkeit und ‘Volksgemeinschaft’. Der Westfälische Landeshauptmann Karl Friedrich Kolbow (1899–1945): Biographie eines NS-Täters (Paderborn: Schöningh, 2015)Google Scholar; Werner, Frank, “‘Hart müssen wir hier draußen sein.’ Soldatische Männlichkeit im Vernichtungskrieg 1939–1945,” Geschichte und Gesellschaft 34, no. 1 (2008): 5–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Dejung, Christof, Aktivdienst und Geschlechterordnung. Eine Kultur- und Alltagsgeschichte des Militärdiensts in der Schweiz, 1939–1945 (Zurich: Chronos, 2007)Google Scholar.

31 Magnus Koch, “Männlichkeit und Verweigerung. Deserteure der Wehrmacht aus geschlechtergeschichtlicher Perspektive,” in Dietrich and Heise, Männlichkeitskonstruktionen im Nationalsozialismus, 83–98; idem, Fahnenfluchten. Deserteure der Wehrmacht im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Paderborn: Schöningh, 2008). See also Fritsche, Maria, “Proving One's Manliness: Masculine Self-perceptions of Austrian Deserters in the Second World War,” Gender & History, 24, no. 1 (2012): 35–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

32 Todd Richard Ettelson, “The Nazi ‘New Man.’ Embodying Masculinity and Regulating Sexuality in the SA and SS, 1930–1939,” PhD thesis, University of Michigan, 2002; Dillon, Christopher, Dachau and the SS: A Schooling in Violence (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

33 Wünschmann, Kim, Before Auschwitz: Jewish Prisoners in the Prewar Concentration Camps (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; idem, “Männlichkeitskonstruktionen jüdischer Häftlinge in NS-Konzentrationslagern”; Dietrich and Heise, Männlichkeitskonstruktionen im Nationalsozialismus, 201–19; Carey, Maddy, Jewish Masculinity in the Holocaust: Between Destruction and Construction (London: Bloomsbury, 2017)Google Scholar.

34 Browning, Christopher, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York: HarperCollins, 1992)Google Scholar. See also Welzer, Harald, Täter. Wie aus ganz normalen Menschen Massenmörder werden (Frankfurt/Main: S. Fischer, 2005)Google Scholar.

35 Cf. Kühne, Belonging and Genocide, 84–87, and my contribution to this special issue.

36 See the nuanced reflections on the development of Holocaust perpetrator research since 1992 in Christopher Browning, “Twenty-Five Years Later,” in idem, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2017), 225–91.

37 For an attempt toward a gendered application, see Stephen R. Haynes, “Ordinary Masculinity: Gender Analysis and Holocaust Scholarship,” in Randall, Genocide and Gender in the Twentieth Century, 165–88. While Adam Jones in particular has drawn attention to gender selective killings, genocide studies have, more generally, only occasionally deployed the conceptual suggestions of men's studies; see Jones, Adam, Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction, 3rd ed. (London: Routledge, 2017), 625–59Google Scholar; Joeden-Forgey, Elisa von, “Gender and Genocide,” in The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies, ed. Bloxham, Donald and Moses, Dirk (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 61–80Google Scholar.

38 Westermann, Edward B., Hitler's Police Battalions: Enforcing Racial War in the East (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005)Google Scholar.

39 Crouthamel, Jason, An Intimate History of the Front: Masculinity, Sexuality, and German Soldiers in the First World War (Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; idem, “‘Comradeship’ and ‘Friendship’: Masculinity and Militarization in Germany's Homosexual Emancipation Movement after the First World War,” Gender & History 23, no. 1 (2011): 111–29.

40 See Michael James Geheran, “Betrayed Comradeship: German-Jewish World War I Veterans under Hitler,” PhD thesis, Clark University, 2016. On the historical context, see Baader, Benjamin Maria, Gillerman, Sharon, and Lerner, Paul, eds., Jewish Masculinities: German Jews, Gender, and History (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2014)Google Scholar.

41 Hart, Mitchell B., The Healthy Jew: The Symbiosis of Judaism and Modern Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Presner, Todd Samuel, Muscular Judaism: The Jewish Body and the Politics of Regeneration (London: Routledge, 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Wildmann, Daniel, Der veränderbare Körper. Jüdische Turner, Männlichkeit und das Wiedergewinnen von Geschichte in Deutschland um 1900 (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2009)Google Scholar; Brenner, Michael and Reuveni, Gideon, eds., Emancipation through Muscles: Jews and Spirts in Europe (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006)Google Scholar; Kugelmass, Jack, ed., Jews, Sports, and the Rite of Citizenship (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007)Google Scholar. Cf. Dutton, Kenneth R., The Perfectible Body: The Western Ideal of Male Physical Development (New York: Continuum, 1995)Google Scholar; Budd, Michael Anton, The Sculpture Machine: Physical Culture and Body Politics in the Age of Empire (New York: New York University Press, 1997)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Mangan, J. A., ed., Shaping the Superman: Fascist Body as Political Icon—Aryan Fascism (London: Frank Cass, 1999)Google Scholar.

42 This question has been paradigmatically discussed with regard to the variety of, and competition among, different masculinities in various Jewish communities, including the American and the Israeli ones. See Imhoff, Sarah, Masculinity and the Making of American Judaism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hakak, Yohai, Haredi Masculinities between Yeshiva, the Army, Work and Politics (Leiden: Brill, 2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Nur, Ofer Nordheimer, Eros and Tragedy: Jewish Male Fantasies and the Masculine Revolution of Zionism (Boston, MA: Academic Studies Press, 2014)Google Scholar; Brod, Harry and Zevit, Shawn Israel, eds., Brother Keepers: New Perspectives on Jewish Masculinity (Harrimen, TN: Men's Studies Press, 2010)Google Scholar; Brod, Harry, ed., A Mensch Among Men: Explorations in Jewish Masculinity (Freedom, CA: Crossing Press, 1988)Google Scholar.