Published online by Cambridge University Press: 16 December 2008
Masterplots of national history are now commonly criticized for the univocal and unilinear nature of their narratives.1 Such narratives are increasingly seen as only one, and not necessarily even the most important, approach to understanding the modern European nation state. The study of the internal heterogeneity of nations as expression of a conflicting diversity of subnational identities, the emphasis on the peculiar place of nation-ness in the process of modern societalization (Vergesellschaftung), and the political role of integral nationalism as a contentious strategy of homogenizing difference and inequality—all this has supplanted nation- and state-centered approaches which treated the modern (nation-)state as allegorical subject.
1. This essay concentrates on one aspect of the draft paper that was presented at the symposium. The oral presentation in October focused on problems of a transatlantic imaginary which are discussed in “Deutsche—Europäer—Weltbürger: Eine Überlegung zum Aufstieg und Fall des Modernismus in der Historiographie.” Deutschland und Europa in der Neuzcit: Festschrift für K. O. Freiherr von Aretin, ed. Melville, R. et al. (Stuttgart, 1988), 27–47Google Scholar, and in “Looking Back at the International Style: Some Reflections on the Current State of German History,” German Studies Review 13 (1990): 111–27Google Scholar. An essay on a second theme, the recovery of alternative German pasts in a culture of sentiments, is yet to be completed. It encompasses a discussion of various efforts in the arts, humanities, history, and popular culture to recover a lost “German” language of sentiments and identity.
2. Hoffmann, Stanley, “Fragments Floating in the Here and Now,” Daedalus (Winter 1970): 1–26Google Scholar. Obviously the growth of “transnational empires”—as the European Community, but also as private transnational conglomerations—is equally evident. See Strange, Susan, “Toward a Theory of Transnational Empire,” in Global Changes and Theoretical Challenges: Approaches to World Politics for the 1990s, ed. Czempiel, E.-O. and Rosenau, N. (Lexington Mass., 1989).Google Scholar
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4. In this context, some of the turn-of-the-century themes like the tension between a military and economic organization of Europe are recovered. See Tilly, Charles, Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990–1990 (Oxford, 1990)Google Scholar, and Mann, Michael, States, War, and Capitalism: Studies in Political Sociology (Oxford, 1988).Google Scholar
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6. Maier, Charles S., “Marking Time: The Historiography of International Relations,” The Past before Us: Contemporary Historical Writing in the United States, ed. Kammen, Michael (Ithaca, N.Y., 1980), 355–87Google Scholar, is a hopeful assessment of the achievements during the 1970s.
7. Said, Edward, Orientalism (New York, 1978)Google Scholar, focusing on England and France, was the crystalizing book in an otherwise elaborate debate which has not yet found its German equivalent. See also the recent interlocution of Said, Edward, “Representing the Colonized: Anthropology's Interlocutors,” Critical Inquiry 15 (1988/1989): 205–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar, by a number of critics: “An Exchange on Edward Said and Difference,” ibid., 611–46.
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23. The “primacy of foreign policy” has found its strong defenders in Hillgruber, Andreas, “Politische Geschichte in moderner Sicht,” Historische Zeitschrift 216 (1973): 529–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar and in Klaus Hildebrand, “Geschichte oder ‘Gesellschaftgeschichte’? Die Notwendigkeit einer politischen Geschichtschreibung von den internationalen Beziehungen,” ibid. 223 (1976): 328–57.
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49. It is not worth pointing to the long list of titles that link the present nation to some (prehistoric) origin, or an illustrious thousand-year and more history, or the racialist histories of ethnic–linguistic origins, or some kind of confectionary mélange of cultural treasures. One might want to note the newest trend of recovering nineteenth-century images of that past in lieu of reinventing the past anew.
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