Rationale for this initiative

Over the past several decades, the population of survivors with CHD has increased dramatically ^{Reference Oster, Lee, Honein, Riehle-Colarusso, Shin and Correa9,Reference Triedman and Newburger10} , and survival after surgery to repair or palliate the congenitally malformed heart has also dramatically improved. ^{Reference Jacobs, He and Mayer11} Meanwhile, important neurodevelopmental and psychosocial impairments in these surviving patients have become evident. ^{Reference Marino, Lipkin and Newburger12-Reference Gonzalez, Kimbro and Cutitta15} These morbidities negatively impact functional outcomes and health-related quality of life for children with CHD and complicate or delay the transition to independent adulthood. ^{Reference DeMaso, Labella and Taylor16-Reference Kovacs and Utens18} Risk for neurodevelopmental and psychosocial impairments is influenced by a complex interplay among genetic, foetal, surgical, perioperative, family, and social factors, ^{Reference Wernovsky and Licht19} requiring a multi-pronged approach to neuroprotection and intervention to mitigate impairments and maximise outcomes. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; American Academy of Pediatrics; and Adult Congenital Heart Association have all prioritised research to determine the prevalence of and risks for neurodevelopmental and psychosocial impairments, their associated impact across the lifespan, and the development of interventions to mitigate these morbidities for individuals with CHD. ^{Reference Marino, Lipkin and Newburger12,Reference Kaltman, Andropoulos and Checchia20,Reference Gurvitz, Burns and Brindis21} However, research to date has identified few neuroprotective strategies or interventions that have meaningfully improved neurodevelopmental and psychosocial outcomes and health-related quality of life for this large population of patients. ^{Reference Hirsch, Jacobs and Andropoulos22}

To advance scientific knowledge and ensure that future research has a high potential for reducing the burden of CHD for individuals, families, and society, the most significant and pressing issues in cardiac neurodevelopment requiring investigation from research teams must be identified. The development of a research agenda in cardiac neurodevelopmental and psychosocial outcomes is critical for informing collaborative initiatives and the allocation of funding for research to those scientific inquiries of highest value to key stakeholder groups, including patients and families. The Cardiac Neurodevelopmental Outcome Collaborative, a multicentre, multinational, multidisciplinary organisation that aims to determine and implement best practices of neurodevelopmental and psychosocial services for individuals with paediatric and congenital cardiac disease and includes a large network of researchers, clinicians, and patient/family stakeholders ^{Reference Marino, Sood and Cassidy2} is well-positioned to define the agenda for cardiac neurodevelopmental and psychosocial outcomes research for the next decade.

In 2018, the Cardiac Neurodevelopmental Outcome Collaborative partnered with the Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago to obtain an R13 Grant from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health of the United States of America. This R13 Grant brought together multidisciplinary experts in cardiac neurodevelopmental and psychosocial outcomes research and clinical care for a two-day meeting in Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America, to define the agenda for cardiac neurodevelopmental and psychosocial outcomes research for the next decade. Experts in health disparities and patient and family stakeholders were included to ensure that the resulting research agenda focused on promoting health equity and reducing disparities and reflected the priorities of those with lived experience. Seven multidisciplinary working groups were formed, and each was tasked with exploring one key domain crucial to the advancement of cardiac neurodevelopmental and psychosocial outcomes research:

1. 1) Foetal Brain Development and Neuroprotection,

2. 2) Surgical/Perioperative Neuroprotection and Neurodevelopment,

3. 3) Characterisation of Neurodevelopmental and Psychological Outcomes,

4. 4) Neurodevelopmental and Psychosocial Intervention,

5. 5) Parent Mental Health and Family Functioning,

6. 6) Neurodevelopmental Education, Outreach, and Advocacy, and

7. 7) Health Disparities and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes.

During the two-day meeting and throughout the following year, working groups identified:

• significant gaps in knowledge;

• critical questions that must be answered to further knowledge, policy, care, and outcomes; and

• investigations needed to answer these critical questions.

The results of this collaborative initiative are being published as a series of papers in Cardiology in the Young to provide a roadmap for cardiac neurodevelopmental research teams.

This issue contains the first three papers from the third, fourth, and fifth domains listed above:

• Characterisation of Neurodevelopmental and Psychological Outcomes, ^{Reference Sanz, Anixt and Bear6}

• Neurodevelopmental and Psychosocial Intervention ^{Reference Cassidy, Butler and Briend7} , and

• Parent Mental Health and Family Functioning ^{Reference Sood, Lisanti and Woolf-King8} .

Sanz and colleagues emphasise the need for additional research to provide an accurate characterisation of neurodevelopmental and psychological outcomes in individuals with CHD in order to optimise patient outcomes through targeted interventions, and they present critical research questions and innovative methodologies to address significant gaps in knowledge ^{Reference Sanz, Anixt and Bear6} . Cassidy and colleagues describe the limited research on neurodevelopmental and psychosocial interventions for patients with CHD and propose critical research questions that need to be answered in order to effectively intervene and improve outcomes ^{Reference Cassidy, Butler and Briend7} . Sood and colleagues emphasise the need to support parental mental health and family functioning following diagnosis of CHD in their children in order to promote psychosocial adaptation, and they outline critical research questions that must be answered to further the care and outcomes of families impacted by CHD ^{Reference Sood, Lisanti and Woolf-King8} . Future papers from this series will be published in Cardiology in the Young later in 2021 and will propose critical questions that need to be answered through rigorous research to optimise foetal brain development and surgical/perioperative neuroprotection; improve cardiac neurodevelopmental education, outreach, and advocacy; and eliminate health disparities in neurodevelopmental and psychosocial outcomes for individuals with congenital cardiac disease and their families. This series of papers is intended to guide future funding proposals and stakeholder-informed research in cardiac neurodevelopment, thereby advancing scientific knowledge, clinical care, and meaningful outcomes for this large and growing population of survivors with CHD.