Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T01:33:13.421Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The neurohormonal axis and biochemical markers of heart failure

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 July 2005

John L. Jefferies
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Division, Texas Children's Hospital and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Texas Heart Institute™, Texas, United States of America Saint Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
Anthony C. Chang
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Division, Texas Children's Hospital and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Texas Heart Institute™, Texas, United States of America

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Review
Copyright
© 2005 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Packer M. The neurohormonal hypothesis: a theory to explain the mechanism of disease progression in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 20: 248254.Google Scholar
Levin ER, Gardner DG, Samson WK. Natriuretic peptides. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 321328.Google Scholar
Anand IS, Fisher LD, Chiang YT, et al. Changes in brain natriuretic peptide and norepinephrine over time and mortality and morbidity in the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT). Circulation 2003; 107: 12781283.Google Scholar
Anand IS, Ferrari R, Kalra GS, Wahi PL, Poole-Wilson PA, Harris PC. Edema of cardiac origin. Studies of body water and sodium, renal function, hemodynamic indexes, and plasma hormones in untreated congestive cardiac failure. Circulation 1989; 80: 299305.Google Scholar
Sayeski PP, Bernstein KE. Signal transduction mechanisms of the angiotensin II type AT(1)-receptor: looking beyond the heterotrimeric G protein paradigm. J Renin Angio Aldo Syst 2001; 2: 410.Google Scholar
Grinstead WC, Young JB. The myocardial renin–angiotensin system: existence, importance, and clinical implications. Am Heart J 1992; 123 (4 Pt 1): 10391045.Google Scholar
Tan LB, Jalil JE, Pick R, Janicki JS, Weber KT. Cardiac myocyte necrosis induced by angiotensin II. Circ Res 1991; 69: 11851195.Google Scholar
Francis GS, Cohn JN, Johnson G, Rector TS, Goldman S, Simon A. Plasma norepinephrine, plasma renin activity, and congestive heart failure. Relations to survival and the effects of therapy in V-HeFT II. The V-HeFT VA Cooperative Studies Group. Circulation 1993; 87 (6 Suppl): VI40VI48.Google Scholar
Benedict CR, Francis GS, Shelton B, et al. Effect of long-term enalapril therapy on neurohormones in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. SOLVD Investigators. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75: 11511157.Google Scholar
Takeda Y, Miyamori I, Inaba S, et al. Vascular aldosterone in genetically hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1997; 29 (Pt 1): 4548.Google Scholar
Brilla CG, Zhou G, Matsubara L, Weber KT. Collagen metabolism in cultured adult rat cardiac fibroblasts: response to angiotensin II and aldosterone. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1994; 26: 809820.Google Scholar
Swedberg K, Eneroth P, Kjekshus J, Wilhelmsen L. Hormones regulating cardiovascular function in patients with severe congestive heart failure and their relation to mortality. CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Circulation 1990; 82: 17301736.Google Scholar
de Bold AJ. Atrial natriuretic factor of the rat heart. Studies on isolation and properties. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1982; 170: 133138.Google Scholar
Kangawa K, Matsuo H. Purification and complete amino acid sequence of alpha-human atrial natriuretic polypeptide (alpha-hANP). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1984; 118: 131139.Google Scholar
Koller KJ, Goeddel DV. Molecular biology of the natriuretic peptides and their receptors. Circulation 1992; 86: 10811088.Google Scholar
Ruskoaho H. Cardiac hormones as diagnostic tools in heart failure. Endocr Rev 2003; 24: 341356.Google Scholar
Yandle TG. Biochemistry of natriuretic peptides. J Intern Med 1994; 235: 561576.Google Scholar
Vesely DL, Douglass MA, Dietz JR, et al. Three peptides from the atrial natriuretic factor prohormone amino terminus lower blood pressure and produce diuresis, natriuresis, and/or kaliuresis in humans. Circulation 1994; 90: 11291140.Google Scholar
Maack T, Suzuki M, Almeida FA, et al. Physiological role of silent receptors of atrial natriuretic factor. Science 1987; 238: 675678.Google Scholar
Lang RE, Tholken H, Ganten D, Luft FC, Ruskoaho H, Unger T. Atrial natriuretic factor – a circulating hormone stimulated by volume loading. Nature 1985; 314: 264266.Google Scholar
Yasue H, Yoshimura M, Sumida H, et al. Localization and mechanism of secretion of B-type natriuretic peptide in comparison with those of A-type natriuretic peptide in normal subjects and patients with heart failure. Circulation 1994; 90: 195203.Google Scholar
Rubin DA, Uretsky BF, Zerbe TR, Estrada-Quintero T, Murali S. Increased plasma atrial natriuretic peptide levels after heart transplant: relation to ventricular expression and severity of rejection. Am Heart J 1994; 128: 769773.Google Scholar
Takemura G, Fujiwara H, Takatsu Y, Fujiwara T, Nakao K. Ventricular expression of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides in patients with myocarditis. Int J Cardiol 1995; 52: 213222.Google Scholar
Lappe RW, Smits JF, Todt JA, Debets JJ, Wendt RL. Failure of atriopeptin II to cause arterial vasodilation in the conscious rat. Circ Res 1985; 56: 606612.Google Scholar
Marin-Grez M, Fleming JT, Steinhausen M. Atrial natriuretic peptide causes pre-glomerular vasodilatation and post-glomerular vasoconstriction in rat kidney. Nature 1986; 324: 473476.Google Scholar
Floras JS. Sympathoinhibitory effects of atrial natriuretic factor in normal humans. Circulation 1990; 81: 18601873.Google Scholar
Dillingham MA, Anderson RJ. Inhibition of vasopressin action by atrial natriuretic factor. Science 1986; 231: 15721573.Google Scholar
Sonnenberg H, Honrath U, Chong CK, Wilson DR. Atrial natriuretic factor inhibits sodium transport in medullary collecting duct. Am J Physiol 1986; 250: F963F966.Google Scholar
Durocher D, Grepin C, Nemer M. Regulation of gene expression in the endocrine heart. Recent Prog Horm Res 1998; 53: 723; discussion 2–3.Google Scholar
Sawada Y, Suda M, Yokoyama H, et al. Stretch-induced hypertrophic growth of cardiocytes and processing of brain-type natriuretic peptide are controlled by proprotein-processing endoprotease furin. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 20,54520,554.Google Scholar
Hunt PJ, Espiner EA, Nicholls MG, Richards AM, Yandle TG. Differing biological effects of equimolar atrial and brain natriuretic peptide infusions in normal man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 38713876.Google Scholar
Yang RH, Jin HK, Wyss JM, Chen YF, Oparil S. Pressor effect of blocking atrial natriuretic peptide in nucleus tractus solitarii. Hypertension 1992; 19: 198205.Google Scholar
Blackburn RE, Samson WK, Fulton RJ, Stricker EM, Verbalis JG. Central oxytocin and ANP receptors mediate osmotic inhibition of salt appetite in rats. Am J Physiol 1995; 269: R245R251.Google Scholar
Koglin J, Pehlivanli S, Schwaiblmair M, Vogeser M, Cremer P, vonScheidt W. Role of brain natriuretic peptide in risk stratification of patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38: 19341941.Google Scholar
Francis GS, Benedict C, Johnstone DE, et al. Comparison of neuroendocrine activation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction with and without congestive heart failure. A substudy of the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD). Circulation 1990; 82: 17241729.Google Scholar
Berger R, Huelsman M, Strecker K, et al. B-type natriuretic peptide predicts sudden death in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 2002; 105: 23922397.Google Scholar
Morrison LK, Harrison A, Krishnaswamy P, Kazanegra R, Clopton P, Maisel A. Utility of a rapid B-natriuretic peptide assay in differentiating congestive heart failure from lung disease in patients presenting with dyspnea. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39: 202209.Google Scholar
Morita E, Yasue H, Yoshimura M, et al. Increased plasma levels of brain natriuretic peptide in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1993; 88: 8291.Google Scholar
Richards AM, Nicholls MG, Yandle TG, et al. Plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and adrenomedullin: new neurohormonal predictors of left ventricular function and prognosis after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1998; 97: 19211929.Google Scholar
Morrow DA, de Lemos JA, Sabatine MS, et al. Evaluation of B-type natriuretic peptide for risk assessment in unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: B-type natriuretic peptide and prognosis in TACTICS-TIMI 18. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 12641272.Google Scholar
Tateishi J, Masutani M, Ohyanagi M, Iwasaki T. Transient increase in plasma brain (B-type) natriuretic peptide after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Clin Cardiol 2000; 23: 776780.Google Scholar
Kikuta K, Yasue H, Yoshimura M, et al. Increased plasma levels of B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with unstable angina. Am Heart J 1996; 132 (Pt 1): 101107.Google Scholar
Kohno M, Horio T, Yokokawa K, et al. Brain natriuretic peptide as a cardiac hormone in essential hypertension. Am J Med 1992; 92: 2934.Google Scholar
Sodian R, Loebe M, Schmitt C, et al. Decreased plasma concentration of brain natriuretic peptide as a potential indicator of cardiac recovery in patients supported by mechanical circulatory assist systems. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38: 19421949.Google Scholar
McDonagh TA, Robb SD, Murdoch DR, et al. Biochemical detection of left-ventricular systolic dysfunction. Lancet 1998; 351: 913.Google Scholar
Yoshibayashi M, Kamiya T, Saito Y, et al. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentrations in healthy children from birth to adolescence: marked and rapid increase after birth. Eur J Endocrinol 1995; 133: 207209.Google Scholar
Mir TS, Marohn S, Laer S, Eiselt M, Grollmus O, Weil J. Plasma concentrations of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in control children from the neonatal to adolescent period and in children with congestive heart failure. Pediatrics 2002; 110: e76.Google Scholar
Jensen KT, Carstens J, Ivarsen P, Pedersen EB. A new, fast and reliable radioimmunoassay of brain natriuretic peptide in human plasma. Reference values in healthy subjects and in patients with different diseases. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1997; 57: 529540.Google Scholar
Mori K, Manabe T, Nii M, Hayabuchi Y, Kuroda Y, Tatara K. Plasma levels of natriuretic peptide and echocardiographic parameters in patients with Duchenne's progressive muscular dystrophy. Pediatr Cardiol 2002; 23: 160166.Google Scholar
Kawamura T, Wago M. Brain natriuretic peptide can be a useful biochemical marker for myocarditis in patients with Kawasaki disease. Cardiol Young 2002; 12: 153158.Google Scholar
Kurotobi S, Kawakami N, Shimizu K, et al. Brain natriuretic peptide as a hormonal marker of ventricular diastolic dysfunction in children with Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Cardiol 2005; e-pub.Google Scholar
Muta H, Ishii M, Maeno Y, Akagi T, Kato H. Quantitative evaluation of the changes in plasma concentrations of cardiac natriuretic peptide before and after transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect. Acta Paediatr 2002; 91: 649652.Google Scholar
Nagaya N, Nishikimi T, Uematsu M, et al. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide as a prognostic indicator in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 2000; 102: 865870.Google Scholar
Nagaya N, Nishikimi T, Okano Y, et al. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide levels increase in proportion to the extent of right ventricular dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 31: 202208.Google Scholar
Hasegawa K, Fujiwara H, Doyama K, et al. Ventricular expression of brain natriuretic peptide in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1993; 88: 372380.Google Scholar
Hayakawa H, Komada Y, Hirayama M, Hori H, Ito M, Sakurai M. Plasma levels of natriuretic peptides in relation to doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and cardiac function in children with cancer. Med Pediatr Oncol 2001; 37: 49.Google Scholar
Wahlander H, Westerlind A, Lindstedt G, Lundberg PA, Holmgren D. Increased levels of brain and atrial natriuretic peptides after the first palliative operation, but not after a bidirectional Glenn anastomosis, in children with functionally univentricular hearts. Cardiol Young 2003; 13: 268274.Google Scholar
Yoshimura N, Yamaguchi M, Oshima Y, et al. Suppression of the secretion of atrial and brain natriuretic peptide after total cavopulmonary connection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000; 120: 764769.Google Scholar
Ationu A, Singer DR, Smith A, Elliott M, Burch M, Carter ND. Studies of cardiopulmonary bypass in children: implications for the regulation of brain natriuretic peptide. Cardiovasc Res 1993; 27: 15381541.Google Scholar
Maisel AS, Krishnaswamy P, Nowak RM, et al. Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 161167.Google Scholar
Maisel AS, McCord J, Nowak RM, et al. Bedside B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure with reduced or preserved ejection fraction. Results from the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 20102017.Google Scholar
Minamino N, Makino Y, Tateyama H, Kangawa K, Matsuo H. Characterization of immunoreactive human C-type natriuretic peptide in brain and heart. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 179: 535542.Google Scholar
Levin ER, Frank HJ. Natriuretic peptides inhibit rat astroglial proliferation: mediation by C receptor. Am J Physiol 1991; 261 (Pt 2): R453R457.Google Scholar
Charles CJ, Espiner EA, Richards AM, Donald RA. Central C-type natriuretic peptide augments the hormone response to hemorrhage in conscious sheep. Peptides 1995; 16: 129132.Google Scholar
Wei CM, Heublein DM, Perrella MA, et al. Natriuretic peptide system in human heart failure. Circulation 1993; 88: 10041009.Google Scholar
Torre-Amione G, Kapadia S, Lee J, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and tumor necrosis factor receptors in the failing human heart. Circulation 1996; 93: 704711.Google Scholar
Bhoola KD, Figueroa CD, Worthy K. Bioregulation of kinins: kallikreins, kininogens, and kininases. Pharmacol Rev 1992; 44: 180.Google Scholar
Ruetten H, Thiemermann C. Endothelin-1 stimulates the biosynthesis of tumour necrosis factor in macrophages: ET-receptors, signal transduction and inhibition by dexamethasone. J Physiol Pharmacol 1997; 48: 675688.Google Scholar
Wei CM, Lerman A, Rodeheffer RJ, et al. Endothelin in human congestive heart failure. Circulation 1994; 89: 15801586.Google Scholar
Sakai S, Miyauchi T, Sakurai T, et al. Pulmonary hypertension caused by congestive heart failure is ameliorated by long-term application of an endothelin receptor antagonist. Increased expression of endothelin-1 messenger ribonucleic acid and endothelin-1-like immunoreactivity in the lung in congestive heart failure in rats. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 28: 15801588.Google Scholar
Kiowski W, Sutsch G, Hunziker P, et al. Evidence for endothelin-1-mediated vasoconstriction in severe chronic heart failure. Lancet 1995; 346: 732736.Google Scholar
Levin ER. Endothelins. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 356363.Google Scholar
Boekstegers P, Weidenhofer S, Zell R, et al. Repeated administration of a F(ab′)2 fragment of an anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody in patients with severe sepsis: effects on the cardiovascular system and cytokine levels. Shock 1994; 1: 237245.Google Scholar
Torre-Amione G, Kapadia S, Benedict C, Oral H, Young JB, Mann DL. Proinflammatory cytokine levels in patients with depressed left ventricular ejection fraction: a report from the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD). J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27: 12011206.Google Scholar
Bradham WS, Bozkurt B, Gunasinghe H, Mann D, Spinale FG. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and myocardial remodeling in progression of heart failure: a current perspective. Cardiovasc Res 2002; 53: 822830.Google Scholar
Anker SD, Ponikowski P, Varney S, et al. Wasting as independent risk factor for mortality in chronic heart failure. Lancet 1997; 349: 10501053.Google Scholar
Malave HA, Taylor AA, Nattama J, Deswal A, Mann DL. Circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor correlate with indexes of depressed heart rate variability: a study in patients with mild-to-moderate heart failure. Chest 2003; 123: 716724.Google Scholar
Ferrari R, Bachetti T, Confortini R, et al. Tumor necrosis factor soluble receptors in patients with various degrees of congestive heart failure. Circulation 1995; 92: 14791486.Google Scholar
Bozkurt B, Torre-Amione G, Warren MS, et al. Results of targeted anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy with etanercept (ENBREL) in patients with advanced heart failure. Circulation 2001; 103: 10441047.Google Scholar
Goldsmith SR, Francis GS, Cowley Jr AW. Arginine vasopressin and the renal response to water loading in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1986; 58: 295299.Google Scholar
Goldsmith SR, Dodge D. Response of plasma vasopressin to ethanol in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1985; 55: 13541357.Google Scholar
Naitoh M, Suzuki H, Murakami M, et al. Effects of oral AVP receptor antagonists OPC-21268 and OPC-31260 on congestive heart failure in conscious dogs. Am J Physiol 1994; 267 (Pt 2): H2245H2254.Google Scholar
Sharma R, Coats AJ, Anker SD. The role of inflammatory mediators in chronic heart failure: cytokines, nitric oxide, and endothelin-1. Int J Cardiol 2000; 72: 175186.Google Scholar
Francis SE, Holden H, Holt CM, Duff GW. Interleukin-1 in myocardium and coronary arteries of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1998; 30: 215223.Google Scholar
Gulick T, Chung MK, Pieper SJ, Lange LG, Schreiner GF. Interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor inhibit cardiac myocyte beta-adrenergic responsiveness. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 67536757.Google Scholar
Latini R, Masson S, Anand I, et al. Effects of valsartan on circulating brain natriuretic peptide and norepinephrine in symptomatic chronic heart failure: the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT). Circulation 2002; 106: 24542458.Google Scholar
Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 1999; 353: 20012007.
Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN, et al. The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 13491355.Google Scholar
Mills RM, LeJemtel TH, Horton DP, et al. Sustained hemodynamic effects of an infusion of nesiritide (human b-type natriuretic peptide) in heart failure: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Natrecor Study Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 34: 155162.Google Scholar
Colucci WS, Elkayam U, Horton DP, et al. Intravenous nesiritide, a natriuretic peptide, in the treatment of decompensated congestive heart failure. Nesiritide Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 246253.Google Scholar
Silver MA, Horton DP, Ghali JK, Elkayam U. Effect of nesiritide versus dobutamine on short-term outcomes in the treatment of patients with acutely decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39: 798803.Google Scholar
Publication Committee for the VMAC Investigators (Vasodilatation in the Management of Acute CHF). Intravenous nesiritide vs nitroglycerin for treatment of decompensated congestive heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 287: 15311540.
Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 709717.Google Scholar
Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 13091321.Google Scholar
Russell SD, Selaru P, Pyne DA, et al. Rationale for use of an exercise end point and design for the ADVANCE (A Dose evaluation of a Vasopressin ANtagonist in CHF patients undergoing Exercise) trial. Am Heart J 2003; 145: 179186.Google Scholar
Lee CR, Watkins ML, Patterson JH, et al. Vasopressin: a new target for the treatment of heart failure. Am Heart J 2003; 146: 918.Google Scholar
Feingold BM, Law YM. Nesiritide use in pediatric patients with congestive heart failure. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004; 23: 14551459.Google Scholar
Smith T, Rosen DA, Russo P, et al. Nesitiride during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Paediatr Anaesth 2005; 15: 152157.Google Scholar
Hjortdal VE, Stenbog EV, Ravn HB, et al. Neurohormonal activation late after cavopulmonary connection. Heart 2000; 83: 439443.Google Scholar
Driscoll DJ, Danielson GK, Puga FJ, Schaff HV, Heise CT, Staats BA. Exercise tolerance and cardiorespiratory response to exercise after the Fontan operation for tricuspid atresia or functional single ventricle. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986; 7: 10871094.Google Scholar
Ohuchi H, Yasuda K, Hasegawa S, et al. Influence of ventricular morphology on aerobic exercise capacity in patients after the Fontan operation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37: 19671974.Google Scholar
Ohuchi H, Hasegawa S, Yasuda K, Yamada O, Ono Y, Echigo S. Severely impaired cardiac autonomic nervous activity after the Fontan operation. Circulation 2001; 104: 15131518.Google Scholar
Hayabuchi Y, Matsuoka S, Kuroda Y. Plasma concentrations of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides and cyclic guanosine monophosphate in response to dobutamine infusion in patients with surgically repaired tetralogy of Fallot. Pediatr Cardiol 1999; 20: 343350.Google Scholar
Law YM, Keller BB, Feingold BM, et al. Usefulness of plasma B-type natriuretic peptide to identify ventricular dysfunction in pediatric and adult patients with congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2005; 95: 474478.Google Scholar