Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T09:08:14.221Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The logic for extending the use of echocardiography beyond childhood to detect subclinical rheumatic heart disease*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2009

L. George Veasy*
Affiliation:
Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
Lloyd Y. Tani
Affiliation:
Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
LuAnn Minich
Affiliation:
Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
*
Correspondence to: L. George Veasy, M.D., Professor Emeritus, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Utah School of Medicine (Attention: Teresa Jones-Osborn), 615 Arapeen Drive, Suite 100, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States of America. Tel: (801) 587-3905; Fax: (801) 587-9607; E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Rheumatic heart disease is the only residual morbidity, and the sole cause of mortality, from rheumatic fever. Echocardiography is ideally suited to confirm and follow the course of rheumatic heart disease. Additionally, both minimal valvar pathology in children, and extensive valvar pathology in adults, may not cause a murmur and can be detected only by echocardiography. Whenever possible, echocardiography should be routinely employed for management of patients with rheumatic fever or suspected rheumatic fever.

Type
Review Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Note from the editor: To retain uniformity with our editorial style, throughout this manuscript the stylistic editor has pluralised “criterion”, and some of the bacteriums producing enodcarditis, by adding an “s”, or “es”, to the singular noun.

References

1. Stollerman, GH. Rheumatic fever. Lancet 1997; 349: 935942.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2. Markowitz, M, Gordis, L. Rheumatic Fever. In: Schaffer AJ (ed.). Major Problems in Clinical Pediatrics, 2nd ed. Vol. 2. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1972, pp 186188.Google Scholar
3. Roberts, WC, Virmani, R. Aschoff bodies at necropsy in valvular heart disease. Evidence from an analysis of 543 patients over 14 years of age that rheumatic heart disease, at least anatomically, is a disease of the mitral valve. Circulation 1978; 57: 803807.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4. Marcus, RH, Sareli, P, Pocock, WA, et al. Functional anatomy of severe mitral regurgitation in active rheumatic carditis. Am J Cardiol 1989; 63: 577584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5. Kinsley, RH, Pocock, WA. Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. In: Barlow JB (ed.). Perspectives on the Mitral Valve. F.A. Davis and Company, Philadelphia, 1987, pp 236240.Google Scholar
6. Steinfeld, L, Ritter, S, Rappaport, H, Martinez, E. Silent mitral regurgitation unmasked by Doppler studies (Abstract). Circulation 1986; Suppl 11: 385.Google Scholar
7. Veasy, LG, Weidemier, SE, Orsmond, GS, et al. Resurgence of rheumatic fever in the intermountain area of the United States. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 421427.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8. Folger, GM Jr, Hagar, R. Doppler echocardiographic findings of mitral and aortic valvular regurgitation in children manifesting only rheumatic arthritis. Am J Cardiol 1989; 63: 12781280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9. Special Writing Group of the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis and Kawasaki Disease of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young of the American Heart Association. Guidelines for the diagnosis of rheumatic fever. Jones Criteria 1992 Update. JAMA 1992; 268: 20692078.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10. Kostucki, W, Vandenbossche, JL, Friart, A, Englert, M. Pulsed Doppler regurgitant flow patterns of normal valves. Am J Cardiol 1986; 58: 309313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11. Minich, LL, Tani, LY, Pagotto, LT, Shaddy, RE, Veasy, LG. Doppler echocardiography distinguishes between physiologic and pathologic “silent” mitral regurgitation in patients with rheumatic fever. Clin Cardiol 1997; 20: 924926.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12. Unpublished data presented at the American Heart Association’s Jones Criteria Workshop meeting, Chicago, Illinois. April 8–9, 2000.Google Scholar
13. Folger, GM Jr, Hajar, R, Robida, A, Hajar, HA. Occurrence of valvar heart disease in acute rheumatic fever without evident carditis: colour flow Doppler identification. Br Heart J 1992; 67: 434438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14. Ty, ET, Ortiz, EE. M-mode cross sectional and color flow Doppler echocardiographic findings in acute rheumatic fever. Cardiol Young 1992; 2: 229235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15. Grover, A, Dhawan, A, Iyenger, SD, Anand, IS, Wahi, PI, Ganguly, NK. Epidemiology of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in a rural community in northern India. Bull World Health Organ 1993; 71: 5966.Google Scholar
16. Morse, MR, Ramaden, M, Zaher, SR, et al. Evidence of valve regurgitation by Doppler echocardiography in patients with rheumatic fever without clinical carditis. Alexandria J of Ped 1993; 3: 341346.Google Scholar
17. Abernathy, M, Bass, N, Sharpe, N, et al. Doppler echocardiography and early diagnosis of carditis in acute rheumatic fever. Austr NZ J Med 1994; 24: 530536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18. Veasy, LG, Tani, LY, Hill, HR. Persistence of acute rheumatic fever in the intermountain area of the United States. J Pediatr 1994; 124: 916.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19. Wilson, NJ, Neutze, JM. Echocardiographic diagnosis of subclinical carditis in acute rheumatic fever. Int J Cardiol 1995; 50: 16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20. Agrawal, PR, Mistra, M, Sarkare, N, Gupta, A, Agrawal, P. Usefulness of echocardiography in detection of subclinical carditis as acute rheumatic polyarthritis and rheumatic chorea. J Assoc Physicians, India 1998; 46: 937938.Google Scholar
21. Martins da Silva, CH, Pediatric Committee São Paulo Pediatric Rheumatology Society. Rheumatic Fever: a multi-center study in the state of São Paulo. Rev Hosp Clinc Fac Med S São Paulo 1999; 31: 8590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22. Elevli, M, Celebi, A, Tombul, T, Gökalp, AS. Cardiac involvement in Sydenham’s chorea: clinical and Doppler echocardiographic findings. Acta Paediatr 1999; 88: 10741077.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23. Hilário, MO, Andrade, JL, Gasparian, AB, Carvalho, AC, Andrade, CT, Len, CA. The value of echocardiography in the diagnosis and followup of rheumatic fever in children and adolescents: a 2 year prospective study. J Rheumatol 2000; 27: 10821086.Google ScholarPubMed
24. Karaaslan, S, Oran, B, Reisli, I, Erkul, I. Acute rheumatic fever in Konya, Turkey. Pediatr Int 2000; 42: 7175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25. Figuero, FE, Fernandez, MS, Valdez, P, et al. Prospective comparison of clinical and echocardiographic diagnosis of rheumatic carditis: long term follow-up of patients with subclinical disease. Heart 2001; 85: 407410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26. Ozkutlu, S, Ayabakan, C, Saraclar, M. Can subclinical valvulitis detected by echocardiography be accepted as evidence of carditis in the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever? Cardiol Young 2001; 11: 255260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27. Mota, CC. Doppler echocardiographic assessment of subclinical valvitis in the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever. Cardiol Young 2001; 11: 251254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28. Câmara, EJ, Neubauer, C, Câmara, GT, Lopes, AA. Mechanisms of mitral valvar insufficiency in children and adolescents with severe rheumatic heart disease: an echocardiographic study with clinical and epidemiological correlation. Cardiol Young 2004; 14: 527532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29. Vijayalakshmi, IB, Mithravinda, J, Deva, ANP. The role of echocardiography in diagnosing carditis in the setting of acute rheumatic fever. Cardiol Young 2005; 15: 583588.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30.Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 2004; 923.Google Scholar
31. Veasy, LG. History and Physical Examination. In: Emmanoulides GC, Reimenschneider TA, Allen HD, Gutgesell HP (eds). Moss and Adams’ Heart Disease in Infants, Children and Adolescents, 5th Edition. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1995, pp 145146.Google Scholar
32. Vongprateep, C, Lauer, RM, Diehl, AM. Intraesophageal phonocardiography in the diagnosis of occult rheumatic mitral valve disease. Pediatr 1966; 38: 892896.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33. Bland, EF, Jones, TD. Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. A twenty year report of 1000 patients followed since childhood. Circulation 1951; 4: 836843.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34. Marijon, E, Ou, P, Celermajer, DS, et al. Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease detected by echocardiographic screening. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 470476.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35. Guilherme, L, Cunha-Neto, E, Coelho, V, et al. Human heart infiltrating T-cell clones from rheumatic heart disease patients recognize both streptococcal and cardiac proteins. Circulation 1995; 92: 415420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36. Markowitz, M. The decline of rheumatic fever: role of medical intervention. J Pediatr 1986; 106: 545550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37. Lillehei, CW, Gott, VL, DeWall, RA, Varco, RL. The surgical treatment of stenotic or regurgitant lesions of the mitral and aortic valves by direct vision utilizing a pump oxygenator. J Thorac Surg 1958; 35: 154191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38. Merendino, KA, Thomas, GI, Jesseph, JE, Herron, PW, Winterscheid, LC, Vetto, RR. The open correction of mitral regurgitation and/or stenosis; with special reference to regurgitation treated by posteromedial annuloplasty utilizing a pump oxygenator. Ann Surg 1959; 150: 522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39. Hillman, ND, Tani, LY, Veasy, LG, Lambert, LV, et al. Current status of surgery for rheumatic carditis in children. Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 78: 14031408.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed