¹ For the coining of the “swing of the pendulum” metaphor, see Kunz, Josef, “Swing of the Pendulum: From Overestimation to Underestimation of International Law” (1950) 44 Am J Intl L 135 at 137ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

² See e.g. Posner, Eric, “Liberal Internationalism and the Populist Backlash” (2017) 49 Ariz State LJ 795 Google Scholar; Alston, Philip, “The Populist Challenge to Human Rights” (2017) 9 J Human Rights Practice 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³ One example is the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in 2014. See e.g. Geiß, Robin, “Russia’s Annexation of Crimea: The Mills of International Law Grind Slowly but They Do Grind” (2015) 91 Intl L Studies 425 Google Scholar; Grant, Thomas D, “Annexation of Crimea” (2015) 109:1 Am J Intl L 68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴ von Bernstorff, Jochen, “The Decay of the International Rule of Law Project (1990–2015)” in Krieger, Heike, Nolte, Georg & Zimmermann, Andreas, eds, The International Rule of Law: Rise or Decline? (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019) 33 CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 55.

⁵ Felix Lange, “Coercion, Internationalization, Decolonization: A Contextual Reading of the Rise of European International Law since the Seventeenth Century” in Krieger, Nolte & Zimmermann, supra note 4, 66 at 75.

⁶ Andrew Hurrell, “International Law within a Global International Society: Comment on Felix Lange” in Krieger, Nolte & Zimmermann, supra note 4, 90 at 94.

⁷ Aniruddha Rajput, “The BRICS as ‘Rising Powers’ and the Development of International Law” in Krieger, Nolte & Zimmermann, supra note 4, 105 at 124.

⁸ Markus Jachtenfuchs, “Is There a Compliance Trilemma in International Law? Comment on Jeffrey Dunoff” in Krieger, Nolte & Zimmermann, supra note 4, 204 at 209.

⁹ Jutta Brunnée, “The Rule of International (Environmental) Law and Complex Problems” in Krieger, Nolte & Zimmermann, supra note 4, 211 at 230.