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The Environment and the Law of Conventional Warfare

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2016

L. C. Green
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Canadian Yearbook of International Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international , Volume 29 , 1992 , pp. 222 - 237
Copyright
Copyright © The Canadian Council on International Law / Conseil Canadien de Droit International, representing the Board of Editors, Canadian Yearbook of International Law / Comité de Rédaction, Annuaire Canadien de Droit International 1992

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Footnotes

*

LL.B., LL.D., F.R.S.C., University Professor, Honorary Professor of Law, University of Alberta. Paper prepared at request of Department of External Affairs for presentation at the Conference of Experts on the Use of the Environment as a Tool of Conventional Warfare, Ottawa, July 9-12, 1991. The views expressed are those of the writer alone and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department.

References

1 1168 UNTS 151.

2 Deuteronomy 20.19.

3 Roberts, , “Judaic Sources of and Views on the Laws of War,” 37 Naval Law Rev. 221, 231 (1988).Google Scholar

4 Artikel auf Teutsche Landsknechte, Art. 53.

5 Kriegsvölkenecht: Leitfaden für den Unterrecht (The International Law of Warfare, Instructional Outlines) Part 7, para. 3 (German Forces Publications ZDv 15/10,1961).

6 Churfürstlich Brandenburgisches Kriegsrecht, Art. 59 (1960). Both these quotations come from Corpus Juris Militaris Kriegsrecht und Artikels Brieffe (Johann Friedrich Schukzen, ed., 1693).

7 General Orders No. 100 by President Lincoln, in Schindler and Toman, The Laws of Armed Conflicts 3 (1988).

8 Holland, , The Law of War on Land 71–72 (1908).Google Scholar

9 Schindler and Toman, op. cit. supra note 7, at 63.

10 See, e.g., Trail Smelter Arbitration (1938/1941), UN Rep. Int’l Arb. Awards 1905. See also Schafer, , “The Relationship between the International Laws of Armed Conflict and Environmental Protection,” 19 Calif. Western Int’l L.J. 287, 296–97 (1989).Google Scholar

11 450 UNTS 11.

12 21 Int’l Leg. Mat. 1261.

13 1108 UNTS 151.

14 See, e.g., Fenrick, , “The Rule of Proportionality and Protocol In Conventional Warfare,” 98 Mil.L.R. 91 (1982).Google Scholar

15 Schindler and Toman, op. cit. supra note 7, at 621.

16 Bothe, , Partsch, , and Solf, , New Rules for Victims of Armed Conflicts 348 (1982).Google Scholar

17 Ibid., 188–89.

18 See, e.g., Hannikainen, , Peremptory Norms (Jus Cogens) in International Law (1988).Google Scholar

19 II Int’l Leg. Mat. 1416.

20 Doc. E/cN.4/1.610, Apr. 2, 1962, Schermers, c., International Institutional Law, Vol. 2, at 500.Google Scholar

21 Yearbook of the I.L.C., 1979, Vol II, pt. 2, at 91.

22 For critical analysis of this aspect of the draft, see Green, , “New Trends in International Criminal Law,” II Israel Y.B. Human Rights 3, 27 et seq. (1981).Google Scholar

23 The Times (London), May 8, 1991; Jan. 15, 1992; see also, Homer-Dixon, , “It’s Not the End of the World,” Globe and Mail (Toronto), May 30, 1991.Google Scholar

24 U.S. Dept. of the Air Force, Doc. AFP 110–31, Nov. 19, 1976, International Law: The Conduct of Armed Conflict and Air Operations, lists “petroleum facilities” as legitimate targets for attack: 5–18, n. 23.

25 See, e.g., the judgment of Whyatt, Singapore, C.J., in N.V. de Balaafsche Petroleum Maatschappij v. The War Damage Commission (Singapore Oil Stacks case) (1956), 23 I.L.R. 810.Google Scholar

26 See p. 128.

27 H.M.S.O., Cmd. 6964 (1964), at 65; 41 Am. J. Int’l L. 172, 248–49 (1947).

28 For a discussion of military necessity, see the trial of Gen. Rendulic, Hostages case (1948), 8 UN Trials of War Criminals 34, 68–69.

29 See, e.g., McNair, The Law of Treaties, Part VI (1961); see also Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969, 1155 UNTS 331.