¹ S.C., 1985, c. 19. Note especially ss. 5 and 41.

² There are other amendments in the 1985 Act but they mainly clarify existing sections. For example, see ss. 6(1.2), 387.1, and 388 offences against internationally protected persons; 58(2) re false statements in relation to passports and ss. 423(1) (a), 423(3–6) re conspiracy.

³ See the Tokyo Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts on Aircraft, 1963, 1970, Can. T.S. No. 5 and the Hague Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, 1970, 1972, Can. T.S. No. 23.

⁴ See the Montreal Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation, 1971, 1973, Can. T.S. No. 6.

⁵ See the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Internationally Protected Persons including diplomatic agents (1974) 13 Int’l. Leg. Mat. 41.

⁶ The International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages, 1979, reprinted in (1979) 18 Int’l. Leg. Mat. 1456.

⁷ The Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, 1979, reprinted in (1979) 18 Int’l. Leg. Mat. 1419, 1422–31.

⁸ See s. 247 Criminal Code.

⁹ See ss. 212 and 247, Criminal Code.

¹⁰ The language concerning penalties and submission to authorities for purposes of prosecution differs between the conventions.

¹¹ This is comparable to some extent to the concept of universal jurisdiction over enemies of mankind, enabling any state managing to get control over the person the right to prosecute.

¹² Supra note 3.

¹³ Ibid.

¹⁴ Supra note 4.

¹⁵ Supra note 5.

¹⁶ Supra note 6.

¹⁷ Ibid.

¹⁸ Supra note 7.

¹⁹ Supra note 6, Art. 1(2).

²⁰ Ibid., Art. 2.

²¹ Ibid., Art. 4(a).

²² Ibid., Art 4(b).

²³ Supra note 5.

²⁴ See Williams, Sharon and Castel, J.-G., Canadian Criminal Law: International and Transactional Aspects, at 208 (1981).Google Scholar

²⁵ P.C. 1980–345, Feb. 1, 1980.

²⁶ Supra note 1, s. 5.

²⁷ Working Paper No. 37, Extraterritorial Jurisdiction (1984), at 94–95.

²⁸ Ibid.

²⁹ Ibid., p. 94.

³⁰ Constitution Act 1982, Part I, which is Schedule B of the Canada Act 1982, 1982, c. II (U.K.), s. 7 provides that: “Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of the person and the right not to be deprived thereof except in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice.”

³¹ Supra note 27, at 95.

³² Simpson, , “Hostage-Taking and Nuclear Material,” (1984) 16 Ottawa L. Rev. 342, at 347.Google Scholar

³³ Supra note 3, Art. 4(1)(c).

³⁴ Supra note 4, Art. 5(1)(c).

³⁵ My emphasis.

³⁶ As hostage-taking under section 24.7(2) of the Code is an indictable offence, ss. 423(3) and (4) apply.

³⁷ See Eklund, S., Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency, in his preface to “The Physical Protection of Nuclear Material,” June 1977, INF CIRC/225/Rev. 1.Google Scholar

³⁸ Ibid.

³⁹ March 3, 1980. See supra note 7.

⁴⁰ Ibid. By Art. 19 it requires 21 ratifications, acceptances, or approvals.

⁴¹ Ibid., Art. 3.

⁴² Ibid., Art. 5(2).

⁴³ Ibid., Art. 7(1).

⁴⁴ Ibid., Art. 7(2).

⁴⁵ Ibid., Art. 8.

⁴⁶ Ibid., Art. 8(2).

⁴⁷ Ibid., Art. 8(3).

⁴⁸ Ibid., Art. 10.

⁴⁹ Ibid., Art. 13.

⁵⁰ Supra note 27, at 96–97.

⁵¹ Ibid.

⁵² Ibid., 97.

⁵³ See supra notes 3, 4, 5, and 6.

⁵⁴ Supra note 6, Art. 5(2).

⁵⁵ Ibid., Art. 6(2).

⁵⁶ Supra note 7.

⁵⁷ Supra, pp. 231–37.

⁵⁸ Section 423 as am., by S.C. 1974-75-76, c. 93, s. 36.

⁵⁹ Supra note 5.

⁶⁰ Supra note 27, at 98.

⁶¹ R.S.G. 1970, c. A–19.

⁶² Supra note 26, at 99.

⁶³ Ibid.

⁶⁴ A similar amendment in the 1985 Act may be found in s. 423(5) re conspiracy to commit offences.

⁶⁵ 1977, E.T.S. No. 97.