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Canadian Cases in Public International Law in 2019

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 November 2020

GIB VAN ERT
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Type
Cases/Jurisprudence
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Canadian Yearbook of International Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international , Volume 57 , November 2020 , pp. 558 - 592
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© The Canadian Yearbook of International Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 2020

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References

1 SC 2001, c 27 [IRPA].

2 Ezokola v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2013 SCC 40 [Ezokola]. See further van Ert, Gib, Allen, Greg J & Robb, Rebecca, “Canadian Cases in Public International Law in 2013 / Jurisprudence canadienne en matière de droit international public en 2013” (2013) 51 Can YB Intl L 535 at 553–56.Google Scholar

3 Ramirez v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration), [1992] 2 FC 306.

4 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 28 July 1951, 189 UNTS 137, Can TS 1969 No 6 (entered into force 4 June 1969) [Refugee Convention].

5 Ezokola, supra note 2 at para 30.

6 Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (UK), 1982, c 11 [Charter].

7 Tapambwa v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2019 FCA 34 at paras 1–4 [Tapambwa].

8 Ibid at para 35.

9 Ibid at para 41.

10 Ibid at para 43.

11 Ibid at para 44.

12 National Corn Growers Assn v Canada (Canadian Import Tribunal), [1989] 2 FC 517 at 530 [National Corn Growers (FCA)].

13 National Corn Growers Assn v Canada (Import Tribunal), [1990] 2 SCR 1324 [National Corn Growers (SCC)].

14 Crown Forest Industries Ltd v Canada, [1995] 2 SCR 802 at para 44.

15 Tapambwa, supra note 7 at para 46.

16 Ibid at para 57.

17 Ibid at paras 110–11.

18 SC 1992, c 20.

19 UNGA Res 70/175, UN Doc A/RES/70/175 (17 December 2015).

20 Canadian Civil Liberties Association v Canada (Attorney General), 2019 ONCA 243 at para 20.

21 Ibid at para 23.

22 Ibid at para 28.

23 Ibid at para 29.

24 Ibid.

25 Ibid at para 98.

26 British Columbia Civil Liberties Association v Canada (Attorney General), 2019 BCCA 228 at para 13 [BCCLA v Canada].

27 Ibid at para 31.

28 Ibid at para 71.

29 Ibid at paras 72–73, citing the Interim Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, UNGAOR, 63rd Sess, UN Doc A/63/175 (2008).

30 10 December 1984, 1465 UNTS 85, Can TS 1987 No 36 (entered into force 26 June 1987).

31 19 December 1966, 999 UNTS 171, Can TS 1976 No 47 (entered into force 23 March 1976).

32 BCCLA v Canada, supra note 26 at paras 74–75.

33 Ibid at para 75.

34 Ibid at paras 167–68.

35 Suresh v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2002 SCC 1.

36 SC 2018, c 12, s 186 [GGPPA].

37 (UK), 30 & 31 Vict, c 3, reprinted in RSC 1985, Appendix II, No 5.

38 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 12 June 1992, 1771 UNTS 107, Can TS 1994 No 7 (entered into force 21 March 1994) [UNFCCC]; Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 11 December 1997, 2303 UNTS 148 (entered into force 17 December 2002); Paris Agreement, 22 April 2016, UN Doc FCCC/CP/2015/Add.1, Can TS 2016 No 9 (entered into force 4 November 2016). Chief Justice Richards also noted a non-treaty instrument in which Canada participated, the Copenhagen Accord, UN Doc FCCC/CP/2009/L.7 (18 December 2009).

39 Reference re Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act, 2019 SKCA 40 at para 119 [Saskatchewan Reference].

40 Paris Agreement, supra note 38.

41 Saskatchewan Reference, supra note 39 at para 147 [emphasis in original].

42 Ibid at para 125.

43 Ibid at para 127.

44 Ibid at para 129.

45 R v Crown Zellerbach Canada Ltd, [1988] 1 SCR 401.

46 Saskatchewan Reference, supra note 39 at para 149.

47 Ibid at para 154.

48 Ibid at para 156.

49 Ibid.

50 29 December 1972, 1046 UNTS 120, Can TS 1979 No 36 (entered into force 30 August 1975).

51 [1979] 1 SCR 984 [Hauser].

52 RSC 1970, c N-1.

53 Saskatchewan Reference, supra note 39 at paras 175–77.

54 Attorney-General for Canada v Attorney-General for Ontario, [1937] AC 326 at 327 (PC) [Labour Conventions Reference].

55 See Hauser, supra note 51, where (as noted) Pigeon J for the majority relied on various multilateral narcotics conventions in finding (at 1000) that the federal Narcotic Control Act, RSC 1970, c N-1, was validly enacted under Parliament’s residual power “to deal with a genuinely new problem which did not exist at the time of Confederation.”

56 Saskatchewan Reference, supra note 39 at para 344.

57 IRPA, supra note 1, s 101(1)(d).

58 Wangden v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2008 FC 1230; Aghazadeh v Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2019 FC 99.

59 2012 FCA 324 at paras 22–25 [Febles (FCA)].

60 2016 FCA 274 at para 5 [Majebi].

61 Kalaeb v Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2019 FC 345 at paras 17–21.

62 Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v Vavilov, 2019 SCC 65 [Vavilov].

63 IRPA, supra note 1, s 117.

64 2015 SCC 59, noted in Gib van Ert, “Canadian Cases in Public International Law in 2015 / Jurisprudence canadienne en matière de droit international public en 2015” (2015) 53 Can YB Intl L 534 at 556–59 [van Ert, “Canadian Cases 2015”].

65 2015 SCC 58 [B010], noted in van Ert, “Canadian Cases 2015,” supra note 64 at 552–56.

66 RSC 1985, c 30 (4th Supp).

67 R v Rajaratnam, 2019 BCCA 209 at paras 121–32 [Rajaratnam].

68 Ibid at paras 155–73.

69 Ibid at para 175.

70 Ibid at paras 198–204.

71 Ibid at paras 208, 210–54.

72 These were: the definition of “humanitarian aid” used by the Good Humanitarian Donorship Initiative, online: <www.ghdinitiative.org/ghd/gns/principles-good-practice-of-ghd/principles-good-practice-ghd.html>; the definition of “humanitarian assistance” used by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs’s Glossary of Humanitarian Terms in Relation to the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict (New York: United Nations, 2004); the objective of the European Union’s “humanitarian aid” (European Commission, Joint Statement by the Council and the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States meeting within the Council, the European Parliament and the European Commission, [2008] OJ C 25/1 at para 8); and comments made by the International Court of Justice in Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua, Merits, Judgment, [1986] ICJ Rep 14 at para 242, in a description of the Red Cross.

73 Rajaratnam, supra note 67 at paras 257, 259–74.

74 GGPPA, supra note 36, s 186.

75 Canada also adopted an intervener’s alternative submission that the Act was valid under the emergency branch of peace, order and good government of Canada (POGG): Reference re Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act, 2019 ONCA 544 at para 61 [Ontario Reference].

76 Ibid at para 6, quoting the preamble of the Paris Agreement, supra note 38.

77 Ontario Reference, supra note 75 at paras 17, 20.

78 Ibid at para 21.

79 See UNFCCC, supra note 38; Paris Agreement, supra note 38.

80 Ontario Reference, supra note 75 at paras 26–29.

81 Ibid at paras 33–53.

82 Ibid at para 77.

83 Ibid at paras 104–05.

84 Ibid at para 106.

85 Labour Conventions Reference, supra note 54 at 351–54.

86 Ontario Reference, supra note 75 at para 106.

87 Ibid at para 222.

88 Kattenburg v Attorney General of Canada, 2019 FC 1003 at para 5 [Kattenburg].

89 RSC 1985, c F-27.

90 Kattenburg, supra note 88 at para 21.

91 Free Trade Agreement between the Government of Canada and the Government of the State of Israel, 31 July 1996, Can TS 1997 No 49 (entered into force 1 January 1997) [Canada-Israel Free Trade Agreement].

92 Kattenburg, supra note 88 at para 23.

93 Ibid at paras 32–33.

94 Ibid at paras 48–54.

95 Ibid at para 70.

96 See ibid at paras 77–82.

97 Ibid at para 83.

98 Ibid at paras 88–91; Richardson and another v Director of Public Prosecutions, [2014] UKSC 8.

99 Kattenburg, supra note 88 at paras 93–101.

100 Ibid at paras 107–08.

101 Ibid at para 112.

102 Ibid at paras 114–24.

103 Ibid at paras 116–17.

104 RSC 1985, c C-29.

105 2015 FC 960.

106 2017 FCA 132 [Vavilov (FCA)], noted in Gib van Ert, “Canadian Cases in Public International Law in 2017 / Jurisprudence canadienne en matière de droit international public en 2017” (2017) 55 Can YB Intl L 571 at 579–82.

107 SC 1991, c 41 [FMIOA].

108 18 April 1961, 500 UNTS 95, Can TS 1966 No 29 (entered into force 24 April 1964) [Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations].

109 Vavilov, supra note 62 at para 2.

110 Febles (FCA), supra note 59, noted in Gib van Ert, Greg J Allen & Eileen Patel, “Canadian Cases in Public International Law in 2012 / Jurisprudence canadienne en matière de droit international public en 2012” (2012) 50 Can YB Intl L 539 at 565–67.

111 Supra note 4.

112 Febles (FCA), supra note 59 at para 24.

113 Ibid at para 76.

114 Febles v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2014 SCC 68.

115 See e.g. Druyan v Canada (Attorney General), 2014 FC 705 at para 38; Haqi v Canada (MCI), 2014 FC 1167 at paras 24–26; Tapambwa v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2017 FC 522 at para 20.

116 Majebi, supra note 60 at para 5; B010 v Canada (MCI), 2013 FCA 87 at para 71.

117 B010, supra note 65 at paras 22–26; van Ert, “Canadian Cases 2015,” supra note 64.

118 Vavilov, supra note 62 at para 69.

119 B010, supra note 65 at para 47.

120 Vavilov, supra note 62 at para 73.

121 Ibid at para 75.

122 Ibid at para 101.

123 Ibid at para 106.

124 Ibid at para 111.

125 Ibid at para 114.

126 Convention on the Rights of the Child, 20 November 1989, 1577 UNTS 3, Can TS 1992 No 3 (entered into force 2 September 1990); Baker v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), [1999] 2 SCR 817.

127 R v Hape, 2007 SCC 26 at para 53.

128 Vavilov, supra note 62 at para 170.

129 Ibid at para 172.

130 RSC 1985, c I-21.

131 Vavilov, supra note 62 at para 175.

132 Ibid at para 176.

133 FMIOA, supra note 107.

134 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, supra note 108.

135 24 April 1963, 596 UNTS 261, Can TS 1974 No 25 (entered into force 19 March 1967).

136 Vavilov, supra note 62 at para 177.

137 Ibid at para 178, citing Ian Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law, 5th ed (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998) at 391–93. Note that this is the same edition of Brownlie relied on by the majority in the Court of Appeal, seemingly because, as Stratas JA noted (Vavilov (FCA), supra note 106 at para 71), Brownlie specifically mentions Canada’s first Citizenship Act as “embodying the principle that the jus soli is excluded in respect of the children of persons exercising official duties on behalf of a foreign government who enjoy immunities.”

138 This is cribbed from Stratas JA in the court below (Vavilov (FCA), supra note 106 at para 69).

139 Vavilov, supra note 62 at paras 178–79, citing Al-Ghamdi v Canada (Minister of Foreign Affairs & International Trade), 2007 FC 559.

140 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, supra note 108; Optional Protocol to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 18 April 1961, 500 UNTS 223 (entered into force 24 April 1964).

141 Vavilov, supra note 62 at para 181.

142 Ibid at paras 183–88.

143 Ibid at para 192.

144 Ibid at para 194.

145 But see ibid at para 251.

146 See e.g. van Ert, Allen & Patel, supra note 110 at 565–67 (discussing Febles (FCA), supra note 59). See also Gib van Ert, “The Reception of International Law in Canada: Three Ways We Might Go Wrong” (2018), online: <www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/documents/Reflections%20Series%20Paper%20no.2web.pdf>.