Vasil’eva, [2], demonstrates a close connection between the explicit formulae for solutions to the linear difference equation with constant coefficients

(1.1)

where z is an n-vector, A an n×n constant matrix, τ>0, and a corresponding differential equation with constant coefficients

(1.2)

(1.2) is obtained from (1.1) by replacing the difference z(t—τ) by the first two terms of its Taylor Series expansion, combined with a suitable rearrangement of the terms.

If the length of a word w in a free semigroup F(X) satisfies , then for every partition of F(X) into k classes, w has n consecutive factors of length ≥p in the same class. As a consequence, the diagonal Ramsey numbers R(pn+1, p+1, k) have 1+pnk as lower bound.

Throughout this note we shall use the following conventions and notations: All matrices have entries in the field of complex numbers. I denotes the identity matrix with compatible dimensions. A* is the conjugate transpose of a matrix A. A being self adjoint means A = A*.

It is well known that if T is a compact self-adjoint operator on a Hilbert space whose distinct non-zero eigenvalues {λn} are arranged so that |λn|≥|λn+1| for n = 1, 2…. and if En in the spectral projection corresponding to λn, then with convergence in the uniform operator topology. With the generalisation of self-adjoint operators on Hilbert spaces to Hermitian operators on Banach spaces by Vidav and Lumer, Bonsall gave a partial analogue of this result for Banach spaces when he proved the following theorem.

T. Nakayama showed in [2, Theorem 13] that symmetric algebras have the property that the left and right annihilators of their two-sided ideals are equal. He also gave examples [2, p. 630] to show that QF algebras with this property are not necessarily symmetric, and that weakly symmetric algebras need not have this property.

This article presents some new algebraic and module theoretic characterizations of strongly regular rings. The latter uses Lambek’s notion of symmetry. Strongly regular rings are shown to admit an involution and form an equational category. An example due to Paré shows that the category of regular rings and ring homomorphisms between them is not equational. Remarks on quasiinverses and the generalized inverse of a matrix are included. The author acknowledges support from the NRC (A7752) and improvements from W. Blair received after announcement of the results.

Theorem. “If a crunode of a real, irreducible, plane, algebraic curve changes into an acnode via the intermediary stage of a real cusp, two real inflexions are introduced in a neighborhood of the double point.”

In [1], Zhelobenko introduced the concept of a Gauss decomposition ZtDZ of a topological group and gave characterizations of irreducible representations of the classical groups. In this setting, vectors of representation spaces are polynomial solutions of a system of differential equations and the problem of obtaining branching theorem with respect to a subgroup G0 is to find all polynomial solutions that are invariant under Z ∩ G0 and have dominant weight with respect to D ∩ G0

Every ⊥-symmetric relatively semi-orthocomplemented lattice is M-symmetric. This answers the Problem 1 in [2] in the affirmative and provides a new proof to a result on ⊥-symmetric lattices proved in [2] (Corollary below). The notation and terminology are as in [2].

Let 〈L; ⋀, V〉 be a lattice. Two elements a and b of L are said to form a modular pair, in symbols aMb, if

The relation aM✶b is defined dually.

The purpose of this paper is to continue the study of certain “distinguished” subsets of the convergence domain of a matrix, as developed by A. Wilansky [6] and G. Bennett [1], We also consider continuous linear functionals on the domain, and the extent to which their representation is unique; this turns out to be connected with the behaviour of the subsets.

We show that any Gaussian process can be derived in a simple manner from a Markov process if it has zero mean and covariance identical to the covariance of a real valued function of a temporally homogeneous Markov process.

Let A = (aij) be an m×n (0, 1)-matrix, m≤n. The permanent of A is defined by

where the summation is over all one-one functions σ:{1, 2, . . . , m}→{1, 2, . . . , n}. If A is regarded as the incidence matrix of a configuration of m subsets of an n-set, then Per (A) is the number of systems of distinct representatives in the configuration.

One of the fundamental tools in the theory of totally ordered groups is Hahn’s Theorem (a detailed discussion may be found in Fuchs [3]), which asserts, roughly, that every abelian totally ordered group can be embedded in a lexicographically ordered (unrestricted) direct sum of copies of the ordered group of real numbers. Almost any general question regarding the structure of abelian totally ordered groups can be answered by reference to Hahn’s theorem. For the class of nonabelian totally ordered groups, a theorem which parallels Hahn’s Theorem is given in [5], and states that each totally ordered group can be o-embedded in an ordered wreath product of subgroups of the real numbers. In order to extend this theorem to include an “if and only if” statement, one must consider lattice ordered groups, as an ordered wreath product of subgroups of the real numbers is, in general, not totally-ordered, but lattice ordered.

Main Theorem. The purpose of this note is to remove the assumption of characteristic different from 3 from a recent result of ours ([1], Theorem 11) so as to obtain

Let S be a prime ring with 1, of characteristic different from 2 and containing two non-zero idempotents e1 and e2 whose sum is 1.

The results described in this paper were obtained in the study of analytic maps between flat two-tori. It is felt that analogous results will be obtained from a similar study of the analytic maps between higher-dimensional flat tori.

It is well-known that the multiplicative group GL+(2, Q) acts on the upper halfplane as a group of linear fractional transformations, i.e. for each element

All algebras are assumed to be finite dimensional and not necessarily associative. An involution of an algebra is an algebra automorphism of order two. A quasi-division algebra is any algebra in which the non-zero elements form a quasi-group under multiplication. The purpose of this short paper is to determine the structure of all involutions of quasi-division algebras and to give an application of this result.

Generalized Sverdrup's lemma, Kabe [5], is used here to give a more direct treatment of less than full rank regression model.

An element x in a lattice L is join-reducible (meet-reducible) in L if there exist y, z∈L both distinct from x such that x=y⋁z (x=y⋀z); x is join-irreducible (meet-irreducible) in L if it is not join-reducible (meet-reducible) in L; x is doubly irreducible in L if it is both join- and meet-irreducible in L. Let J(L), M(L), and Irr(L) denote the set of all join-irreducible elements in L, meet-irreducible elements in L, and doubly irreducible elements in L, respectively, and ℓ(L) the length of L, that is, the order of a maximum-sized chain in L minus one.

We shall work in the piecewise-linear category, so that all manifolds and subsets thereof, as well as all maps are assumed to be piecewise-linear. If M is a manifold, denote by #k  M the k-fold connected sum of copies of M and by 2M the double of M, that is the manifold obtained by sewing two copies of M together by the identity map on their boundaries.

Let R= 〈R, +, •〉 be the cartesian sum of the rings Ri, i= 1, 2,…, n denoted by , and recall that R is a ring under the componentwise operations. It is well-known (e.g. [1], p. 212) that the endomorphisms of the group 〈R, + 〉 form a ring HomZR (under function addition and composition) and moreover HomZR is isomorphic to the matrix ring under the usual matrix operations of addition and multiplication.