Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T08:27:46.320Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Social Support and Family Care of the Elderly*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 November 2010

Benjamin H. Gottlieb
Affiliation:
University of Guelph

Abstract

This paper discusses different dimensions of social support which can be examined in the context of family care of the elderly. It calls for a greater measure of theoretical and empirical precision in relating specific types and sources of actual and perceived support to the particular demands and burdens faced by family caregivers at different stages in the course of caregiving. In addition, it spotlights three critical topics for future research: (1) analysis of the ways in which social support affects and is affected by chronic stressors; (2) examination of the determinants of actual and perceived support; and (3) the design and evaluation of interventions aimed to mobilize or augment the support provided to family caregivers.

Résumé

Cet article traite des différentes facettes du support social dans le contexte de l'aide familiale aux personnes âgées. Il met l'accent sur la nécessité de faire preuve d'une plus grande précision empirique et théorique lorsqu'on rapporte les types spécifiques de réponses symboliques et concrètes aux exigences des aidants familiaux confrontés à de lourdes tâches. Cet article, en outre, met en lumière trois sujets vitaux pour la recherche futur: (1) examiner de quelle façon le soutien social et familial est affecté par ceux qui vivent un stress chronique (et comment il les affecte à leur tour); (2) examiner les déterminants du support familial réel ou possible; (3) établir le cadre général des interventions conçues pour amplifier l'aide assurée aux aidants familiaux et enfin procéder à l'évaluation de ces interventions.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Association on Gerontology 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Barrera, M. Jr, (1986). Distinctions between social support concepts, measures, and models. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14, 413446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrera, M. Jr, Sandier, I. N., & Ramsay, T. B. (1981). Preliminary development of a scale to measure social support: Studies on college students. American Journal of Community Psychology, 9, 435447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Bengtson, V. L., & Manuel, R. (1976). Ethnicity and family patterns in mature adults: Effects of race, age, SES, and sex. Unpublished manuscript, University of Southern California, Department of Sociology.Google Scholar
Bengtson, V. L., & Treas, J. (1980). The changing family context of mental health and aging. In Birren, J. E., & Sloane, R.B. (Eds.), Handbook of mental health and aging (pp. 400428). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Berkman, L. F. (1985). The relationship of social networks and social support to morbidity and mortality. In Cohen, S., & Syme, S.L. (Eds.), Social support and health (pp. 241262). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Birkel, R. C., & Reppucci, N. D. (1983). Social networks, information seeking, and the utilization of services. American Journal of Community Psychology, 11, 185206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blazer, D. G. (1982). Social support and mortality in an elderly community population. American Journal of Epidemiology, 115, 684694.Google Scholar
Brown, G. W. (1981). Contextual measures of life events. In Dohrenwend, B. S., & Dohrenwend, B.P. (Eds.), Stressful life events and their contexts (pp. 187201). New York: Neale Watson Academic Publications.Google Scholar
Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. O. (1978). Social origins of depression. London: Tavistock Publications.Google ScholarPubMed
Cantor, M. H. (1979). The informal support system of New York's inner city elderly: Is ethnicity a factor? In Gelfand, D. E., & Kutzik, A. (Eds.), Ethnicity and aging: Theory, Research and Policy (pp. 153174). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Cohen, S., Mermelstein, R., Kamarck, T., & Hoberman, H. M. (1985). Measuring the functional components of social support. In Sarason, I. G., & Sarason, B.R. (Eds.), Social support: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 7394). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Cohen, S., & Wills, T. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310357.Google Scholar
Coyne, J. C. (1976). Depression and the response of others. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85, 186193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cutrona, C. E., & Russell, D. (1987). The provisions of social relationships and adaptation to stress. In Jones, W. H., & Perlman, D. (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships (Vol. 1, pp. 3767). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Dunkel-Schetter, C., & Bennett, T. L. (1990). Differentiating the cognitive and behavioral aspects of social support. In Sarason, I. G., Sarason, B. R., & Pierce, G.R. (Eds.), Social support: An interactional view. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Eckenrode, J. (1983). The mobilization of social support: Some individual constraints. American Journal of Community Psychology, 11, 509528.Google Scholar
Field, D., & Minkler, M. (1988). Continuity and change in social support between young-old and old-old or very-old age. Journal of Gerontology, 43, 100106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottlieb, B. H., & Pancer, M. (1988). Social networks and the transition to parenthood. In Michaels, G. Y., & Goldberg, W.A. (Eds.), The transition to parenthood: Current theory and research (pp. 235269). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gottlieb, B. H., & Wagner, F. (1991). The contingent nature of social support. In Eckenrode, J. E. (Ed.), The social context of coping. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Guttmann, D. (1979). Use of informal and formal supports by white ethnic aged. In Gelfand, D. E. & Kutzik, A. (Eds.), Ethnicity and aging (pp. 246262). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Haley, W. E., Levine, E. G., Brown, S. L., & Bartolucci, A. A. (1987). Stress, appraisal, coping, and social support as predictors of adaptational outcome among dementia caregivers. Psychology and Aging, 2, 323330.Google Scholar
Heitzmann, C. A., & Kaplan, R. M. (1988). Assessment of methods for measuring social support. Health Psychology, 7, 75109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, R., Foote, N., Aldous, J., Carlson, R., & MacDonald, R. (1970). Family development in three generations. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar
Hirsch, B. J. (1980). Natural support systems and coping with major life changes. American Journal of Community Psychology, 8, 159172.Google Scholar
House, J. S. (1987). Social support and social structure. Sociological Forum, 2, 135146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
House, J. S., Landis, K. R., & Umberson, D. (1988). Social relationships and health. Science, 241, 540545.Google Scholar
Krause, N. (1987). Life stress, social support, and self-esteem in an elderly population. Psychology and Aging, 2, 349356.Google Scholar
Larson, R. (1978). Thirty years of research on the subjective well-being of older Americans. Journal of Gerontology, 33, 109125.Google Scholar
Litwak, E. (1980). Research patterns in the health of the elderly: The community mental health center. In Borgatta, E. F., & McCluskey, N.G. (Eds.), Aging and society: Current research and policy perspectives (pp. 79130). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Lopata, H. Z. (1975). Support systems of elderly urbanites: Chicago of the 1970s. Gerontologist, 15, 3541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maton, K. I. (1987). Patterns and psychological correlates of material support within a religious setting: The bidirectional support hypothesis. American Journal of Community Psychology, 15, 185207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKinlay, J. B. (1973). Social networks, lay consultation, and help-seeking behavior. Social Forces, 51, 275292.Google Scholar
Ory, M. G., Williams, T. F., Emr, M., Lebowitz, B., Rabins, P., Salloway, J., Sluss-Radbaugh, T., Wolff, E., & Zarit, S. (1985). Families, informal supports, and Alzheimer's disease. Research on Aging, 7, 623644.Google Scholar
Pagel, M., Becker, J., & Coppel, D. (1985). Loss of control, self-blame, and depression: An investigation of spouse caregivers of Alzheimer's disease patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 169182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pearlin, L. I. (1975). Sex roles and depression. In Datan, N., & Ginsberg, L. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Fourth Life-Span Development Psychology Conference: Normative Life Crises (pp. 191207). New York: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearson, J., Verma, S., & Nellett, C. (1988). Elderly psychiatric patient status and caregiver perceptions as predictors of caregiver burden. The Gerontologist, 28, 7983.Google Scholar
Procidano, M. E., & Heller, K. (1983). Measures of perceived social support from friends and from family: Three validation studies. American Journal of Community Psychology, 11, 124.Google Scholar
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–101.Google Scholar
Riley, M. W., & Foner, A. (1968). Aging and society (Vol. 1). New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, C. J. (1987). The comforter: Providing personal advice and emotional support to generations in the family. Canadian Journal on Aging, 6, 228239.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57, 316331.Google Scholar
Sarason, I. G., Levine, H. M., Basham, R. B., & Sarason, B. R. (1983). Assessing social support: The Social Support Questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 127–130.Google Scholar
Scharlach, A. E., Lowe, B. F., & Schneider, E. L. (1991). Elder care and the work force: Blueprint for action. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Seligman, M. E. P (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development, and death. San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Sussman, M. (1976). The family life of old people. In Binstock, R. H., & Shanas, E. (Eds.), Handbook of aging and the social sciences (pp. 218243). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.Google Scholar
Tardy, C. H. (1985). Social support measurement. American Journal of Community Psychology, 13, 187202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thoits, P. A. (1985). Social support and psychological well-being: Theoretical possibilities. In Sarason, I. G., & Sarason, B.R. (Eds.), Social support: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 5172). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toseland, R. W., & Rossiter, C. M. (1989). Group interventions to support family caregivers: A review and analysis. The Gerontologist, 29, 438448.Google Scholar
Vaux, A., Phillips, J., Holly, L., Thomson, B., Williams, D., & Stewart, D. (1986). The social support appraisals (SS-A) scale: Studies of reliability and validity. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14, 195219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wheaton, B. (1990). Chronic stress: Specification, measurement, and estimation issues. Unpublished manuscript, University of Toronto, Department of Sociology.Google Scholar
Wortman, C. B., & Lehman, D. R. (1985). Reactions to victims of life crisis: Support attempts that fail. In Sarason, I. G., & Sarason, B.R. (Eds.), Social support: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 463489). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Zarit, S. H., Reever, K. E., & Bach-Peterson, J. (1980). Relatives of the impaired elderly: Correlates of feelings of burden. The Gerontologist, 20, 649655.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed