Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T01:50:34.907Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Impact of Providing Care on the Risk of Leaving Employment in Canada*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 November 2014

Christine Proulx  and
Céline Le Bourdais
Christine Proulx
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, McGill University
Céline Le Bourdais*
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, McGill University
*
†La correspondance et les demandes de tirés-à-part doivent être adressées à : / Correspondence and requests for offprints should be sent to: Céline Le Bourdais, Ph.D. Department of Sociology McGill University Stephen Leacock Building Room 713 855 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal, PQ H3A 2T7 ([email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Population aging is likely to lead to an increase in the number of people in need of assistance. It is well known that a large part of this assistance originates, and will continue to originate, from the network of relatives and friends. However, the effects of the provision of care on individuals’ employment trajectories when this care is combined with employment of varying intensity or with childcare responsibilities have rarely been examined. The present study used proportional hazards models with the General Social Survey, Cycles 20 and 21, to assess the impact of providing care to a partner, a parent or parent-in-law, another relative, or a non-relative on the risk of leaving employment. The analyses show that providing care to a parent or parent-in-law increases the probability of leaving employment only among women employed full-time and among men and women who have no children or only adult children.

Résumé

Le vieillissement de la population entraînera sans doute une augmentation du nombre de personnes ayant besoin d’aide. Il est bien connu qu’une grande part de l’aide reçue provient, et continuera de provenir, du réseau informel de proches et d’amis. Cependant, les effets qu’exerce la prestation de soins sur les trajectoires d’emploi des individus lorsque ces soins sont cumulés à des régimes d’emploi d’intensités variées ou à des responsabilités parentales ont été peu analysés. La présente étude utilise les données de l’Enquête sociale générale, cycles 20 et 21, pour évaluer l’impact de fournir des soins à un conjoint, un parent ou beau-parent, une autre personne apparentée ou une personne non-apparentée sur le risque de quitter son emploi à l’aide des modèles à risques proportionnels. Les analyses montrent que le fait de prodiguer des soins à un parent ou beau-parent augmente la probabilité de quitter son emploi, mais seulement chez les femmes qui travaillent à plein temps, ainsi que chez les hommes et les femmes qui n’ont pas d’enfants ou qui ont seulement des enfants d’âge adulte.

Keywords

agingcombining rolesemploymentlife courseproportional hazardsunpaid carevieillissementrôles cumulésemploiparcours de viemodèles à risques proportionnelssoins non-rémunérés
Type
Articles
Information
Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement , Volume 33 , Issue 4: Special Issue on Aging Families , December 2014 , pp. 488 - 503
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Association on Gerontology 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Support for this research was provided by the Fonds de recherche du Québec – Société et Culture (FRQSC), the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and the McGill Canada Research Chair on Social Statistics and Family Change. The authors thank Paul-Marie Huot for his assistance with data construction and Benoît-Paul Hébert and Jorge Uriarte-Landa for their helpful comments. The results presented are based on analyses conducted in the Quebec Interuniversity Centre for Social Statistics (QICSS), which provides researchers access to the micro-detailed data collected by Statistics Canada. The opinions expressed here do not represent the view of Statistics Canada.

References

Arber, S., & Ginn, J. (1995). Gender differences in the relationship between paid employment and informal care. Work, Employment & Society, 9(3), 445–471.Google Scholar
Bengtson, V. L. (2001). Beyond the nuclear family: The increasing importance of multigenerational bonds. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(1), 1–16.Google Scholar
Cleves, M. A., Gould, W. W., Gutierrez, R. G., & Marchenko, Y. U. (2008). An introduction to survival analysis using Stata (2nd ed.). College Station, TX: Stata Press.Google Scholar
Cook, C. D., & Beaujot, R. P. (1996). Labour force interruptions: The influence of marital status and presence of young children. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 21(1), 25–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Covinsky, K. E., Eng, C., Lui, L-Y., Sands, L. P., Sehgal, A. R., Walter, L. C., et al. (2001). Reduced employment in caregivers of frail elders: Impact of ethnicity, patient clinical characteristics, and caregiver characteristics. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 56(11), M707–M713.Google Scholar
Cranswick, K., & Dosman, D. (2008). Eldercare: What we know today. Canadian Social Trends, Winter(86), 48–56.Google Scholar
Dentinger, E., & Clarkberg, M. (2002). Informal caregiving and retirement timing among men and women: Gender and caregiving relationships in late midlife. Journal of Family Issues, 23(7), 857–879.Google Scholar
Elder, G. H. (1998). The life course as developmental theory. Child development, 69(1), 1–12.Google Scholar
Gilmour, H., & Park, J. (2005). Dependency, chronic conditions and pain in seniors. Supplement to Health Reports, 16, 21–31.Google Scholar
Goode, W. J. (1960). A theory of role strain. American Sociological Review, 25(4), 483–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hébert, B-P., & Uriarte-Landa, J. (2012, May 7–8). Influence des antécédents familiaux et professionnels sur l’âge de la retraite. Le vieillissement démographique: de nombreux enjeux à déchiffrer, Congrès de l’Acfas.Google Scholar
Henz, U. (2004). The effects of informal care on paid-work participation in Great Britain: A lifecourse perspective. Ageing and Society, 24(6), 851–880.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henz, U. (2006). Informal caregiving at working age: Effects of job characteristics and family configuration. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(2), 411–429.Google Scholar
Hollander, M. J., Liu, G., & Chappell, N. L. (2009). Who cares and how much? The imputed economic contribution to the Canadian healthcare system of middle-aged and older unpaid caregivers providing care to the elderly. Healthcare Quarterly, 12(2), 42–49.Google Scholar
Keefe, J., Fancey, P., & White, S. (2005). Consultation on financial compensation initiatives for family caregivers of dependent adults: Final report. Halifax, NS: Maritime Data Centre for Aging Research & Policy Analysis, Department of Family Studies & Gerontology, Mount Saint Vincent University.Google Scholar
Lilly, M. B., Laporte, A., & Coyte, P. C. (2007). Labor market work and home care’s unpaid caregivers: A systematic review of labor force participation rates, predictors of labor market withdrawal, and hours of work. The Milbank Quarterly, 85(4), 641–690.Google Scholar
Marks, S. R. (1977). Multiple roles and role strain: Some notes on human energy, time and commitment. American Sociological Review, 42(6), 921–936.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masuy, A. J. (2009). Effect of caring for an older person on women’s lifetime participation in work. Ageing and Society, 29(5), 745–763.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pacaut, P., Le Bourdais, C., & Laplante, B. (2011). The changing impact of conjugal status and motherhood on employment across generations of Canadian women. Canadian Studies in Population, 38, 105–132.Google Scholar
Pavalko, E. K., & Artis, J. E. (1997). Women’s caregiving and paid work: Causal relationships in late midlife. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 52(4), S170–S179.Google Scholar
Prentice, R. L., Williams, B. J., & Peterson, A. V. (1981). On the regression analysis of multivariate failure time data. Biometrika, 68(2), 373–379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rantanen, J., Kinnunen, U., Mauno, S., & Tillemann, K. (2011). Introducing theoretical approaches to work-life balance and testing a new typology among professionals. In Kaiser, S., Ringlstetter, M. J., Eikhof, D. R., & Pina e Cunha, M. (Eds.), Creating balance? International perspectives on the work-life integration of professionals (pp. 27–46). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer.Google Scholar
Reitz, J. G. (2001). Immigrant success in the knowledge economy: Institutional change and the immigrant experience in Canada, 1970–1995. Journal of Social Issues, 57(3), 579–613.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, C. J., Martin-Matthews, A., & Matthews, S. H. (1996). Caught in the middle? Occupancy in multiple roles and help to parents in a national probability sample of Canadian adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 51(6), S274–S283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sieber, S. D. (1974). Toward a theory of role accumulation. American Sociological Review, 39(4), 567–578.Google Scholar
Sinha, M. (2013). Portrait of caregivers, 2012 (Catalogue no. 89-652-X - No.001). Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada.Google Scholar
Statistics Canada. (2007). General social survey, cycle 21. Ottawa.Google Scholar
Statistics Canada. (2010). Population projections for Canada, provinces and territories 2009 to 2036 (No. 91-520-X). Ottawa, ON: Author.Google Scholar
Statistics Canada. (2013). Table 051-001-Estimates of population, by age group and sex for July 1, Canada, provinces and territories, annual (persons unless otherwise noted), CANSIM (database). Retrieved 14 May 2014 fromhttp://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&retrLang=eng&id=0510001&paSer=&pattern=&stByVal=1&p1=1&p2=-1&tabMode=dataTable&csid=.Google Scholar
Williams, C. (2005). The sandwich generation. Canadian Social Trends, 5(9), 16–21.Google Scholar