Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T09:37:18.710Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Aging with Long-term Physical Impairments: The Significance of Social Support*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 August 2010

Rebecca Casey
Affiliation:
McMaster University
Sharon Dale Stone*
Affiliation:
Lakehead University
*
Correspondence and requests for offprints should be sent to / La correspondance et les demandes de tirés-à-part doivent être adressées à: Sharon Dale Stone, Ph.D., Department of Sociology, Lakehead University 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1 ([email protected])

Abstract

This article examines the living situations and access to social support for community-dwelling people between the ages of 50 and 65, and who have lived with significant physical impairment for more than 15 years. Data were gathered through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with eight men and women. Findings suggest that coping with long-term impairment may be a lonely experience when the individual lacks a strong network of family and/or friends to offer emotional support. Participants felt their experiences of aging with significant long-term impairment were improved when they shared thoughts, feelings, and problems with others. Findings also show the significance of gender regarding access to social support and point towards the importance of using subjective understanding when ascertaining the level of social support available to individuals. More generally, findings underscore the broader point that individuals aging with impairments are immersed in and wish to maintain reciprocal relationships.

Résumé

Cet article examine les situations de la vie et l’accès à la prise en charge sociale des personnes vivant dans des communautés, qui sont âgés de 50 à 65 ans, et qui ont vécu avec une déficience physique significative depuis plus de 15 ans. Les données ont été recueillies par le biais d’entretiens approfondis et semi-structurés avec huit hommes et femmes. Les conclusions suggèrent que faire façe à la dégradation à long terme peut être une expérience solitaire lorsqu’un individu ne dispose pas d’un réseau solide de la famille et/ou des amis à apporter le soutien émotionnel. Selon les participants, leurs expériences du vieillissment avec déficience à long terme ont été améliorées lorsqu’ils partagent les pensées, les sentiments et les problèmes avec d’autres. Les conclusions montrent également l’importance du genre concernant l’accès à l’assistance sociale, et indiquent l’importance d’utiliser des ententes subjectives pour déterminer le niveau de soutien social disponible aux individus. Plus généralement, les conclusions soulignent que les personnes qui vieillissent avec des déficiences plongent dans, et souhaitent entretenir, des relations réciproques.

Type
Special SEDAP Section: Canada’s Vulnerable Older Populations / Section spéciale SEDAP: Les Populations âgées vulnérables du Canada: Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Association on Gerontology 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

We thank the two anonymous reviewers of an earlier version of this manuscript, who offered useful comments and suggestions to clarify and strengthen our arguments,

References

Allen, S.M., Ciambrone, D., & Welch, L.C. (2000). Stage of life course and social support as a mediator of mood state among persons with disability. Journal of Aging and Health, 12(3), 318341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, S.M., Goldscheider, F., & Ciambrone, D. (1999). Gender roles, marital intimacy, and nomination of spouse as primary caregiver. The Gerontologist, 39(2), 150158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ballantyne, P.J., Hawker, G., & Radoeva, D. (2001). The extended self: Illness experiences of older married arthritis sufferers. In Kronenfeld, J. (Ed.), Changing consumers and changing technology in health care and health care delivery, research in the sociology of health care (Vol. 19, pp. 261282). Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science Ltd.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, B.L. (1995). Qualitative research methods for the social sciencets. Toronto, ON, Canada: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar
Birditt, K.S., & Antonucci, T.C. (2008). Life sustaining irritations? Relationship quality and mortality in the context of severe illness. Social Science & Medicine, 67(8), 12911299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braithwaite, D.O., Waldron, V.R., & Finn, J. (1999). Communication of social support in computer-mediated groups for people with disabilities. Health Communication, 11(2), 123151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carod-Artal, F.J., & Egido, J.A. (2009). Quality of life after stroke: The importance of a good recovery. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 27(Suppl. 1), 204214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casey, R. (2008). Aging with a long-term physical impairment: An ever-changing process. Unpublished master’s thesis. Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada.Google Scholar
Charmaz, K. (1994). Identity dilemmas of chronically ill men. Sociological Quarterly, 35(2), 269288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, S., Underwood, L.G., & Gottlieb, B.H. (2000). Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeSanto-Madeya, S. (2006). The meaning of living with spinal cord injury 5 to 10 years after the injury. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 28(3), 265289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DiLorenzo, T.A., Becker-Feigeles, J., Halper, J., & Picone, M.A. (2008). A qualitative investigation of factors related to adaptation in older individuals with multiple sclerosis. Disability and Rehabilitation, 30(15), 10881097.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiLorenzo, T.A., Halper, J., & Picone, M.A. (2009). Quality of life in MS: Does aging enhance perceptions of mental health? Disability and Rehabilitation, 31(17), 14241431.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finfgeld-Connett, D. (2005). Clarification of social support. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 37(1), 49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fong, T., Finlayson, M., & Peacock, N. (2006). The social experience of aging with a chronic illness: Perspectives of older adults with multiple sclerosis. Disability and Rehabilitation, 28(11), 695705.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibbs, L. (2005). Applications of masculinity theories in a chronic illness context. International Journal of Men’s Health, 4(3), 287300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gottlieb, B.H., & Gillespie, A.A. (2008). Volunteerism, health, and civic engagement among older adults. Canadian Journal on Aging, 27(4), 399406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison, J., Maguire, P., & Pitceathly, C. (1995). Confiding in crisis: Gender differences in pattern of confiding among cancer patients. Social Science and Medicine, 41(9), 12551260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Helgeson, V.S., & Cohen, S. (1996). Social support and adjustment to cancer: Reconciling descriptive, correlational, and intervention research. Health Psychology, 15(2), 135148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holicky, R., & Charlifue, S. (1999). Ageing with spinal cord injury: The impact of spousal support. Disability and Rehabilitation, 21(5), 250257.Google ScholarPubMed
House, J.S., Umberson, D., & Landis, K.R. (1988). Structures and processes of social support. Annual Review of Sociology, 14, 293318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, G., Willoughby, C., Specht, J.A., & Brown, E. (2006). Social support processes and the adaptation of individuals with chronic disabilities. Qualitative Health Research, 16(7), 902925.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klemm, P., Hurst, M., Dearholt, S., & Trone, S. (1999). Cyber solace: Gender differences on Internet cancer support groups. Computers in Nursing, 17(2), 6572.Google Scholar
Li, Y., & Ferraro, K.F. (2006). Volunteering in middle and later life: Is health a benefit, barrier or both? Social Forces, 85(1), 497519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynch, E.B., Butt, Z., Heinemann, A., Victorson, D., Nowinski, C.J., Perez, L., et al. . (2008). A qualitative study of quality of life after stroke: The importance of social relationships. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 40(7), 518523.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McColl, M.A., & Skinner, H. (1995). Assessing inter- and intrapersonal resources: Social support and coping among adults with a disability. Disability and Rehabilitation, 17(1), 2434.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mo, P.K.H., Malik, S.H., & Coulson, N.S. (2009). Gender differences in computer-mediated communication: A systematic literature review of online health-related support groups. Patient Education and Counseling, 75(1), 1624.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pentland, W., Tremblay, M., Spring, K., & Rosenthal, C. (1999). Women with physical disabilities: Occupational impacts of ageing. Journal of Occupational Science, 6(3), 111123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pentland, W., Walker, J., Minnes, P., Tremblay, M., Brouwer, B., & Gould, M. (2002). Women with spinal cord injury and the impact on aging. Spinal Cord, 40, 374387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Putnam, M., Geenen, S., Powers, L., Saxton, M., Finney, S., & Dautel, P. (2003). Health and wellness: People with disabilities discuss barriers and facilitators to well being. Journal of Rehabilitation, 69(1), 3745.Google Scholar
Schwartz, C.E., & Sendor, R.M. (1999). Helping others helps oneself: Response shift effects in peer support. Social Science and Medicine, 48(11), 15631575.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solimeo, S. (2008). Sex and gender in older adults’ experience of Parkinson’s disease. Journals of Gerontology, 63B(1), S42S48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Statistics Canada. (2007). Participation and activity limitation survey. The Daily. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-001-XIE. pp. 3–5. Ottawa, ON, Canada: Statistics Canada. Retrieved January 10, 2009 from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/071203/dq071203-eng.pdfGoogle Scholar
Statistics Canada. (2006). Participation and activity limitation survey 2006: An analytical report. Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 89-628-XIE – no. 002. Ottawa, Ontario. 38 p. Analytical Paper. Retrieved January 10, 2009 from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-628-x/89-628-x2007002-eng.pdfGoogle Scholar
Stone, S.D. (2007a). A change of plans. Women’s stories of hemorrhagic stroke. Toronto, ON, Canada: Sumach Press.Google Scholar
Stone, S.D. (2007b). Patient concerns posthaemorrhagic stroke: A study of the Internet narratives of patients with ruptured arteriovenous malformation. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 16(2), 289297.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stone, S.D., Hill, M.E., Kawchuk, K., Lefrancois, E., Maki, K., Mantis, S., et al. . (2002). Connecting for change: Injured workers in Northwestern Ontario and the effectiveness of peer support. Report submitted to the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.Google Scholar
Strauss, A.L. (1987). Qualitative analysis for social scientists. Toronto, ON, Canada: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thoits, P.A. (1995). Stress, coping and social support processes: Where are we? What next? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 35(extra issue), 5379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thoits, P.A., & Hewitt, L.N. (2001). Volunteer work and well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 42(2), 115131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thornton, H.B., & Lea, S.J. (1992). An investigation into needs of people living with multiple sclerosis, and their families. Disability, Handicap & Society, 7(4), 321338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, J.W., Grube, J., & Meyers, J. (2001). Developing as optimal match within online communities: An exploration of CMC support communities and traditional support. Journal of Communications, 51(2), 231251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, M., & Dorman, S.M. (2001). Receiving social support online: Implications for health education. Health Education Research, 16(6), 693707.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, K.B., & Bell, S.B. (2003). Health-related support groups on the Internet: Linking empirical findings to social support and computer-mediated communication theory. Journal of Health Psychology, 8(1), 3954.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zakowski, S.G., Harris, C., Krueger, N., Laubmeier, K.K., Garrett, S., Flanigan, R., et al. . (2003). Social barriers to emotional expression and their relations to distress in male and female cancer patients. British Journal of Health Psychology, 8(3), 271286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed