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2 Somit presented both a paper by Robert Pranger (who unexpectedly was unable to attend) on “Ethology and Politics: The Work of Konrad Lorenz,” and also a paper of his own that subsequently was published, “Toward a More Biologically-Oriented Political Science: Ethology and Psychopharmacology,” Midwest Journal of Political Science 12 (1968), 550–67. Subsequent contributions are included in Appendix A.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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6 Alcock, John, Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Approach (2nd ed.; Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates, 1981);Google Scholarde Waal, Frans B. M., Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex among Apes (London: Jonathan Cape, 1982);Google ScholarGriffin, Donald, The Question of Animal Awareness: Evolutionary Continuity of Mental Experience (2nd ed.; New York: Rockefeller University Press, 1981)Google Scholar, and Griffin, Donald (ed.), Animal Mind-Human Mind (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1982);CrossRefGoogle ScholarSchubert, Glendon and Somit, Albert (eds.), The Biology of Primate Sociopolitical Behavior (DeKalb, III.: Center for Biopolitical Research, Northern Illinois University, 1982);Google Scholar and Schubert, Glendon, “Evolutionary Politics,” Western Political Quarterly 36 (1983), 175–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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37 Bruner, Jerome, Jolly, Alison, and Sylva, Kathy (eds.), Play: Its Role in Development and Evolution (New York: Basic Books, 1976);Google Scholar John Baldwin and Janice Baldwin, “The Role of Learning Phenomena in the Ontogeny of Exploration and Play,” in Chevalier-Skolnikoff, Suzanne and Poirier, Frank (eds.), Primate Bio-Social Development (New York: Garland, 1977);Google ScholarSymons, Donald, Play and Aggression (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978);Google ScholarSmith, Annette, “Playing With Play: A Test Case of' Ethocriticism,” Journal of Social and Biological Structures 2 (1979), 197–209;CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Smith, Peter, “Does Play Matter? Functional and Evolutionary Aspects of Animal and Human Play,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5 (1982), 139–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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39 Denenberg, Victor, “Hemispheric Laterality in Animals and the Effects of Early Experience,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4 (1981), 1–49;CrossRefGoogle ScholarGriffin, Donald, “Prospects for a Cognitive Ethology,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1 (1978), 527–38;CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Griffen, (ed.), Animal Mind-Human Mind.Google Scholar

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42 Peterson, “Cognitive Development, Biology and Political Socialization,” a paper delivered at the 1981 meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology; “Sociobiology and Ideas-become-Real: Case Study and Assessment”, Journal of Social and Biological Structures 4 (1981), 125–43;CrossRefGoogle Scholar and “The Brain and Hypostatizing,” paper delivered at the 1982 meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology; and “Neurophysiology and Rationality in Political Thinking,” paper delivered at the 1982 meeting of the American Political Science Association, 5–8 (on schemata) and 9–28 (on neural templates).

43 Tanenhaus, and Foley, “The Ambiguous Political Concept“; and Milton Lodge and John Wahlke, “Politics, Apoliticals, and the Processing of Political Information,” International Political Science Review 3 (1982), 135–50 (reaction time, 145; schemata, 149).Google Scholar

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54 Lodge and Wahlke, “Politicals, Apoliticals,” 148.

55 White, “The End of the Empty Organism,” and “The Neuropsychological Basis of Human Action,” paper delivered at the 1981 meeting of the Western Political Science Association; “Sociobiology Neurobiology, and Political Socialization,” Micropolitics 1 (1981), 113–44;Google Scholar “Clouds, Clocks” and “Political Socialization from the Perspective of Generational and Evolutionary Change,” in White, Elliott (ed.), Sociobiology and Human Politics (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington, 1981), 259–81;Google Scholar Peterson, “Cognitive Development”; and Peterson, Steven and Somit, Albert, “Cognitive Development and Childhood Political Socialization: Questions About the Primacy Principle,” American Behavioral Scientist 25 (1982), 313–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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57 Schubert, “Biopolilical Behavioral Theory,” 416–17, and see also “Politics as a Life Science,” 172–73, 181.

58 Kinsbourne, Marcel, “Evolution of Language in Relation to Lateral Action,” in Kinsboume (ed.), Asymmetrical Function of the Brain (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978);Google ScholarCalvin, William, “The Throwing Theory for Language Origins,” Human Ethology Newsletter 3 (December 1981), 17–22;Google Scholar Roger Masters, “The Impact of Ethology on Political Science,” in Somit (ed.), Biology and Politics, 197–233, and “Nice Guys Don't Finish Last: Aggressive and Appeasement Gestures in Media Images of Politicians,” paper delivered at the 1982 meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; Glendon Schubert, “The Use of Ethological Methods in Political Analysis,” in Meredith Watts (ed.), Biopolitics: Ethological and Physiological Approaches (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1981), 15–32; and “Nonverbal Communication as Political Behavior,” in Mary Ritchie Key (ed.), Non-verbal Communication Today (The Hague: Mouton, 1982), 69–85; Michael Corballis, “Brain Twisters and Hand Wringers,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1 1978), 332–33; Bruce, Virginia, “Rock Throwing as a Determining Event in Human Development,” Human Ethology Newsletter 4 (March 1983), 5–16;Google ScholarCalvin, William H., “Did Throwing Stones Shape Hominid Brain Evolution?” Ethology and Sociobiology 3 (1982), 115–24;CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Mateer, Catherine A., “In Your Right Mind: Communication Beyond Words,” Human Ethology Newsletter 3 (June 1982), 24–34.Google Scholar

59 Izard, “The Emergence of Emotions“; Schubert, “Nonverbal Communication as Political Communication“: and Nancy Henley, Body Politics: Power, Sex and Non verbal Communication (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1977).

60 Washburn, Sherwood, “The Evolution of Man,” Scientific American 239:4 (September 1978), 194–208;Google ScholarStanley, Steven, The New Evolutionary' Timetable: Fossils, Genes, and the Origin of Species (New York: Basic Books, 1981)Google Scholar, chap. 7; and Sue Parker, Taylor and Gibson, Kathleen, “A Developmental Model of the Evolution of Language and Intelligence in Early Hominids,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2 (1979), 367–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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64 Gazzaniga and LeDoux, The Integrated Mind, 79, 81–82, 92.

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72 On Petra Kelly, see Sandra Hill, “The Grass is Much Greener Now for this Peace Activist,” United Press International dispatch (from Bonn, West Germany) in The Sunday Star-Bulletin and Advertiser (Honolulu, Hawaii), May 1, 1983Google Scholar, A-29. On the male political model, see Chagnon, Napoleon and Irons, William, Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective (North Scituate, Mass.: Duxbury Press, 1979);Google ScholarTiger, Lionel and Fox, Robin, The Imperial Animal (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971), 32;Google Scholar and compare Crook, The Evolution of Human Consciousness, chap. 5. For contrasting female perspectives, see: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Man-Made World, or. Our Androcentric Culture (New York: Charlton Co., 1911);Google ScholarFirestone, Shulamith, The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution (New York: William Morrow, 1970)Google Scholar, chap. 8: “(Male) Culture“; Lerner, Gerda, The Majority Finds Its Past (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979)Google Scholar, vii, where she speaks of women “trying to combat within ourselves and one another the competitiveness which is structured into our institutional and professional life and to substitute for it a new and as yet untested model of supportive and engaged scholarship. Feminist scholarship seeks to respect individual work, while searching for collective solutions to intellectual as well as societal problems“; Elizabeth Fisher, Woman's Creation (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Press/ Doubleday, 1979); Gilligan, Carol, In a Different Voice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982);Google Scholar and Boulding, Elise, Women in the Twentieth Century World (New York: Sage/ John Wiley-Halstead, 1977)Google Scholar. More explicitly on androgynous politics, see ibid., 230–32; Marjorie Hershey, “The Politics of Androgyny?” American Politics Quarterly 5 (1977), 261–87, especially at 277–78; and Schubert, “Sexual Differences in Political Behavior,” sections IVC (“Androgynous Politics“), VF (“Why can't a woman be like a man?“), and VG (“Why can't a man be like a woman?“).

73 Denise Baer, “Disentangling Gender Differences: An Inquiry into Biological and Learning Based Explanations,” paper delivered at the 1980 meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, 25; and see Katz, Neil and List, David, “Seabrook: A Profile of Anti-Nuclear Activists, June 1978,” Peace and Change 7 (1981), 59–68;CrossRefGoogle Scholar Ellen Goodman, “Women's Vote Really Counts Now,” Honolulu Advertiser, May 21,1982, A-18; and Schubert, “Sexual Differences in Political Behavior.” Although “the hope that women would elect Cox was not to reach fruition,” nevertheless “the Democratic politicians of 1920 may have had the right idea after all. If the sex differences in evaluations of Ronald Reagan stem from an underlying unwillingness to risk war. and if those evaluations result in long-term differences in partisan attachments and votes between men and women, the only mistake the Democrats made in 1920 was in being 62 years ahead of the times,” according to Kathleen Frankovic, “Sex and Politics,” PS 15 (1982), 448.

74 Dimond, “Diversity of the Brain,” 490.

75 Atuhiro Sibatani. “The Japanese Brain: The Difference between East and West May Be the Difference between Left and Right,” Science 80 (December 1980), 22–26; see also Sibatani, Atuhiro, “Inscrutable Epigenetics of the Japanese Brain,” Journal of Social and Biological Structures 3 (1980), 255–66;Google ScholarMaruyama, Magoroh, “Summary of Tsunoda's Seven Experimental Methods,” Journal of Social and Biological Structures 3 (1980), 267–71Google Scholar, and “Comments on Tsunoda's Book,” ibid., 273–76; and Sasanuma, Sumiko, “Do Japanese Show Sex Differences in Brain Asymmetry? Supplementary Findings,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (1980), 247–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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82 Myron Winick and Pedro Rosso, “Malnutrition and Central Nervous System Development,” in ibid., 44, 47–48.

83 Fernando Monckeberg, “The Effect of Malnutrition on Physical Growth and Development,” in ibid., 23; and see Davies, , Human Nature in Politics, 14, n. 18, and “Biological Perspectives,” 45–49.Google Scholar

84 Monckeberg, “The Effect of Malnutrition,” 29.

85 Pryor, , “Malnutrition and the 'Critical Period' Hypothesis,” 108–09.Google Scholar

86 Elisabeth Stern, “Frontiers of Neurosciences,” lectures delivered at the Oregon Graduate Center in March 1981.

87 Robert Livingston, “Frontiers of Neurosciences,” lectures delivered at the Oregon Graduate Center in March 1981.

88 H. Peter Chase and David Metcalf, “Undernutrition and Brain Development: Clinical, Biochemical, and Experimental Encephalographic Studies,” in Read, Prescott, and Coursin, (eds.), Brain Function and Malnutrition, 279.Google Scholar

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95 Dawkins, Richard, The Selfish Gene (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976);Google ScholarWilson, Charles and Wilson, Edward, Genes, Mind, and Culture: The Coevolutionary Process (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981);Google Scholar Baldwin and Baldwin, Beyond Sociology; Plotkin, H. C. and Olding-Smee, F. J., “A Multiple-Level Model of Evolution and Its Implications for Sociobiology,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4 (1981), 225–68;CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Richard Lewontin, “Sleight of Hand,” The Sciences 23:6 (1981), 23–26.

96 Benson Ginsburg, “What Will Students in Political Science Have to Know About Biology to Understand the New Dimensions of Their Discipline and to Advance the Frontiers of Knowledge?” paper delivered at the 1978 meeting of the American Political Science Association (emphasis added); and see Blank, Robert, The Political Implications of Human Genetic Technology (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1981).Google Scholar

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