¹ Leviathan, Everyman's Library (London and New York, 1959), 90.

² The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism (Oxford, 1962), 53–106.

³ Two Treatises of Government, ed. Laslett, Peter, Mentor Library edition (New York, 1965Google Scholar), Treatise 2, no 151, 414.

⁴ Ibid., no 222, 461.

⁵ Ibid., no 226, 464.

⁶ Ibid., no 168, 426.

⁷ Ibid., 427.

⁸ Laski, Harold, The Rise of European Liberalism (London, 1962), 75.Google Scholar

⁹ De L'esprit des lois, ed. Mayer, J.P. and Kerr, A.P., Collection Idées (Paris, 1970Google Scholar), Livre XI, chap. 6, 172–3. This and all subsequent translations from the French and German, except where indicated, are my own.

¹⁰ “Représentants” in l'Encyclopédie, in Œuvres Politiques (Paris, 1963), 51.

¹¹ “That state is a happy one and its sovereign powerful when all the orders in the state mutually help each other. To bring about so desirable a result, the rulers of political society should seek to maintain a just equilibrium among the different classes of citizens that prevents each class from interfering with the others.” Ibid., 51.

¹² The Federalist Papers, Mentor Edition (New York, 1961), no 10, 81.

¹³ Ibid., 83.

¹⁴ Ibid., no 51, 324.

¹⁵ Ibid., no 62, 379.

¹⁶ Ibid., no 70, 423.

¹⁷ Utilitarianism, Liberty, Representative Government, Everyman's Library (London, 1960), chap. 3, 209.

¹⁸ Ibid., 255.

¹⁹ Ibid., 285.

²⁰ Ibid., 235–9.

²¹ Laski, Harold, Democracy in Crisis (Raleigh, NC, 1935), 75.Google Scholar

²² Sartori, G., Democratic Theory (Detroit, 1962), 77, 88.Google Scholar

²³ Kornhauser, William, The Politics of Mass Society (Glencoe, 1959), 227.Google Scholar

²⁴ A Preface to Democratic Theory (Chicago, 1956) and subsequent works.

²⁵ Du contrat social, Livre III, Chap, XV in Œuvres complètes, III (Paris, 1966), 430.

²⁶ Huitième lettre de la montagne, ibid., 841.

²⁷ “If there were a people of gods, it would govern itself democratically. So perfect a government is not suitable for men.” Du contrat social, Livre III, Chap, IV, ibid., 406.

²⁸ Thomas Jefferson on Democracy, ed. Padover, S.K., Mentor edition (New York, 1939), 168.Google Scholar

²⁹ Ibid., 168.

³⁰ La lutte des classes sous la première république, nouvelle édition (Paris, 1968), vol 1, chap, IV, 194–257.

³¹ Le Tribun du Peuple 10/18 (Paris, 1969), 317.

³² Idée générate de la révolution au XIX^e siècle (Paris, 1923), Tome 2, 199.

³³ Œuvres choisis, ed. Blancal, Jean (Paris, 1967), 192.Google Scholar

³⁴ Ibid., 91–146.

³⁵ See Guérin, Daniel, “Proudhon et l'autogestion ouvrière,” in Pour un marxisme libertaire (Paris, 1969), 99–125Google Scholar; Bancal, Jean, “Proudhon: une sociologie de l'autogestion,” Autogestion nos 5 and 6 (mars-juin 1968Google Scholar).

³⁶ See in particular Lefebvre's, Henri references to Proudhon in La proclamation de la commune (Paris, 1965), 149–54Google Scholar, and the discussion of “The Relevance of Anarchism” by Arblaster, Anthony in The Socialist Register 1971 (London, 1971), 157–84.Google Scholar

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³⁸ Dommanget, Maurice, Les idées politiques et sociales d'Auguste Blanqui (Paris, 1957), 314.Google Scholar

³⁹ “[The social organism] is the work of everyone, through time, through certain changes, through progressive experience, through an unknown spontaneous current.” Cited in Dommanget, Auguste Blanqui, 146. The key word is spontaneous.

⁴⁰ “Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right” in Karl Marx: Die Frühschriften, ed. Landshut, S. (Stuttgart, 1968), 148.Google Scholar

⁴¹ “The Communist Manifesto” in Marx/Engels Selected Works (London, 1968), 37.

⁴² “Address of the Central Committee to the Communist League” in Marx/Engels Selected Works, Vol. 1 (Moscow, 1962), 112.

⁴³ “The Civil War in France” in Marx/Engels Selected Works (London, 1968), 288–92, passim.

⁴⁴ Parlementarisme et socialisme (Paris, 1900), 146.

⁴⁵ “The Alleged Splits in the International,” Archives Bakounine, ed. Lehning, A. (Leiden, 1967), vol 2, 295.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ “Critique of the Gotha Program,” in Marx/Engels Selected Works (London, 1968), 331.

⁴⁷ “The State and Anarchy,” Archives Bakounine, vol 3, 211.

⁴⁸ “Les caractères du syndicalisme français,” Le syndicalisme révolutionnaire, ed. Dubief, Henri (Paris, 1969), 164.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Schriften zur Theorie der Spontaneität (Munich, 1970), 135.

⁵⁰ Liebknecht, Karl, Politische Aufzeichnangen aus seinem Nachlass 1917–18, (Posthumous Works) (Berlin, 1921), 28.Google Scholar

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⁵² Die Halbe Macht den Räten (Cologne, 1969), 279.

⁵³ Bricianer, Serge, Pannekoek et les conseils ourvriers (Paris, 1969), 275.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ “The Task of the Proletariat in the Present Revolution,” in Lenin, Selected Works, 12 vols, ed. A. Fineberg (New York, no date), vol 6, 57.

⁵⁵ Ibid., 56.

⁵⁶ “To decide once every few years which member of the ruling class is to repress and crush the people through parliament – this is the real essence of bourgeois parliamentarism …” “State and Revolution,” in Lenin, , Selected Works (London, 1969), 295–6.Google Scholar

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⁵⁸ Ibid., 306–9.

⁵⁹ “Left-Wing Communism – An Infantile Disorder,” ibid., 575–6.

⁶⁰ “Letter to Sylvia Pankhurst,” 28 August 1919, in Lenin, , Collected Works (Moscow, 1965), vol 29, 564.Google Scholar

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⁶² See, for example, the articles by Kravetz, Marc on French student syndicalism and the Algerian war in Les temps modernes (February 1964 and April and May 1965Google Scholar).

⁶³ L'année politique 1967 (Paris, 1968), 4. See also L'année politique 1963 (Paris, 1964), for an account of the purging of so-called pro-Italian elements from the leadership of the Union des étudiants communistes.

⁶⁴ For a good discussion of the development of the principal revolutionary groups up to and including May 1968 see Gombin, Richard, Le projet révolutionnaire (Paris, 1969Google Scholar).

⁶⁵ The 1959 Program of the SPD talks of freedom and justice, without mentioning either capitalism or classes. See Die deutschen Parteiprogramme, ed. Bezold, Otto (Munich, 1967Google Scholar).

⁶⁶ Kirchhcimer, Otto, “Germany,” Political Opposition in Western Democracies, ed. Dahl, Robert (New Haven, 1966), 243, 245.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ See for example Buning, Meino, “The West Berlin Student Movement,” International Socialist Journal, 23 (October 1967Google Scholar); Hunnius, F.C., “The New Left in Germany,” Our Generation, 6, nos 1–2 (July, 1968Google Scholar).

⁶⁸ “Elections – A Poisoned Gift,” a tract published by the Coordinated Action Committees, 31 May 1968, reproduced in Journal de la commune étudiante, ed. Schnapp, Alain and Vidal-Naquet, Pierre (Paris, 1969), 501–2.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Action, a newspaper published by the Union nationale des étudiants de France, the Comités d'action Lycéens and the Syndicat national de l'enseignement supérieur during the May–June revolt, no 13 (19 June 1968).

⁷⁰ Krahl, Hans-Jurgen, “Römerbergrede,” Universität und Widerstand, ed. Claussen, D. and Dermitzel, Regine (Frankfurt am Main, 1968), 37.Google Scholar

⁷¹ Les murs ont la parole – mai 1968 (Paris, 1968); Partisans (Paris), no 42.

⁷² Lucas, Erhard, “Thesen zum Parlamentarismus,” Sozialistische Korrespondenz, no 9 (Frankfurt, 19 July 1969Google Scholar).

⁷³ Lefort, Claude, “Le désordre nouveau,” Mai 1968: La brèche, ed. Morin, E., Lefort, C., Coudray, J-M (Paris, 1968), 45.Google Scholar

⁷⁴ Centre national d'information pour la productivité des entreprises, Les événements de mai-juin vus à travers cent entreprises (Paris, 1969), 22, 28. Interviews with factory heads, unionists, etc.

⁷⁵ See, for example, Seale, Patrick and McConville, Maureen, French Revolution: 1968 (Hammondsworth, 1968Google Scholar) for a good short account of the principal events.

⁷⁶ Barjonet, Andre, La révolution trahie de 1968 (Paris, 1968Google Scholar) writes one of the strongest indictments. Singer, Daniel, Prelude to Revolution: France in May 1968 (New York, 1970Google Scholar) is equally critical of the CPF.

⁷⁷ La Révolution Introuvable (Paris, 1968), 101.

⁷⁸ In an opinion poll taken by the Institut française de l'opinion publique in 1967, 63 per cent of Communist party supporters defined the party as “the party of the working class,” 26 per cent as “the most important force of the left,” and only 1 per cent as “the party that wants revolution.” Fondation nationale des sciences politiques, Le communisme en France, Cahier 175, 289, et seq.

⁷⁹ Leaflet no 3, Der Basisgruppe des SDS Heidelberg (5 June 1968).

⁸⁰ Singer, Prelude to Revolution, 303.

⁸¹ Diskus, a Frankfurt student newspaper, special issue on the emergency laws (May, 1968).

⁸² Situationist International, Of Student Poverty Considered it its Economic, Political, Psychological, Sexual and, Particularly, Intellectual Aspects, and a Modest Proposal for its Remedy (England, no date), 19.

⁸³ “La cause du peuple,” no 16 (13 June 1968), in Schnapp and Vidal-Naquet, “Commune étudiante, 361.

⁸⁴ Vester, Michael, “Die Strategie der direkten Aktion,” Nene Kritik (Frankfurt, June, 1965Google Scholar), no 30, 13.

⁸⁵ Dutschke, Rudi, in an interview in Der Spiegel (10 July 1967), 29–33.Google Scholar

⁸⁶ Lefevre, Wolfganp and Weller, Walter, “Towards a History of the Berlin Student Movement,” in Wider die Untertanenfabrik, ed. Liebfied, Stephen (Cologne, 1967), 212.Google Scholar

⁸⁷ Cohn-Bendit, Daniel, Le Gauchisme (Paris, 1968), 66.Google Scholar

⁸⁸ Un mois de mai orageux, an interview with 113 Paris students. Privat (Paris, 1968), 50–5.

⁸⁹ Action, no VII, 11 June, and no X, 14 June 1968.

⁹⁰ Leaflet signed Union nationale des étudiants de France, in Schnapp and Vidal-Naquet, Commune étudiante, 310.

⁹¹ Sozialistische Korrespondenz, info 2 (26 April 1969).

⁹² Ibid., info 9 (July, 1969), reproducing the discussion of parliamentarism that took place at the SDS federal convention in March 1968.

⁹³ Der Spiegel interview, 10 July 1967; “Demokratie, Universitat und Gessellschaft,” Demon-strationen: Ein Berliner Modell, ed. B. Larsson (Berlin), 156.

⁹⁴ Neue Kritik, nos 51–2 (February 1969), 5. A Heidelberg SDS publication (16 April 1970), Rote Zelle Soziologie, argued the need to go beyond anti-authoritarianism in the student movement and raise class issues.

⁹⁵ Leaflet, signed “Les comités d'action” (8 May 1968Google Scholar) in Schnapp and Vidal Naquet, Commune étudiante, 212.

⁹⁶ “Organization is created in and by the movement itself … The movement has no need for leaders or professional guides; it can lead itself …” reads one definition, Mouvement (4 June 1968), ibid., 496.

⁹⁷ See for example Mothé, Daniel, Militant chez Renault (Paris, 1965), 102, 125Google Scholar; and Monpied, Ernest, Militant de base (Clermont Ferrand, 1969), 115.Google Scholar

⁹⁸ Lefranc, A., Le mouvement syndical – de la liberation aux événements de mai-juin 1968 (Paris, 1969), 251.Google Scholar

⁹⁹ See the article by Durand, Claude, “Ouvriers et techniciens en mai 1968,” in Grèves Revendicatives ou Grèves Politiques? (Paris, 1971), 44–53Google Scholar for a discussion of the technical sectors in particular.

¹⁰⁰ Cited in Centre nationale d'information pour la productivité des entreprises, Evénements de mai-juin.

¹⁰¹ Cahiers de mai, no 1 (Paris, June 1968). There is a less satisfactory account in Guin, Yannick, La commune de Nantes (Paris, 1969Google Scholar), chap. 5.

¹⁰² Feuerstein, Pierre, Printemps de révoke a Strasbourg (Strasburg, 1968), 63–4.Google Scholar

¹⁰³ See for example the discussion “Autogestion et la ‘Révolution de Mai,’” in Autogestion (June 1968), nos 5–6.

¹⁰⁴ [National Charter for French Universities] proposed at Nanterre in June 1968, reprinted in Schnapp and Vidal-Naquet, Commune étudiante, 738.

¹⁰⁵ Thus the CFDT, at its 1970 Congress, accepted a report calling for “the democratization of enterprises within a perspective of social transformation and autogestion.” Le Monde (February 5 1970).

¹⁰⁶ Un Mois cle Mai Orageux, a comment by a student.

¹⁰⁷ See for example the leaflet, “Les étudiants et la révolution,” in Schnapp and Vidal-Naquet, Commune étudiante, 560–1.

¹⁰⁸ Morin, Edgar, “Une révolution sans visage,” in Morin, E., Lefort, C., Coudray, J-M, La brèche (Paris, 1968), 79.Google Scholar

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¹¹⁰ “I was, I am, I shall be!” Rosa Luxemburg, speaking of revolution, in the last essay written before her assassination, “Order Reigns in Berlin,” in Luxemburg, Rosa, Politische Schriften, vol 2, ed. Flechtheim, Ossip (Frankfurt, 1966), 209.Google Scholar