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40 This total does not include 21 individuals who died while serving in the House of Commons during this period.

41 For a cost-benefit analysis of legislative careers, see Black, Gordon, “A Theory of Political Ambition: Career Choices and the Role of Structural Incentives,” American Political Science Review 66 (1972), 1295–1300CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Francis, “Costs and Benefits.”

42 Informal leadership positions, such as opposition “shadow cabinet” posts, were not included in these calculations because of the difficulties of achieving valid rankings among them.

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