1 The Greek is from the Loeb edition of Aristotle, especially the Tredennick, translation of the Metaphysics (Harvard, 1933Google Scholar), and the translations are based upon the same edition.

2 Woods, M.J. “Problems in Metaphysics Z, Chapter13,” printed in Aristotle, ed. Moravcsik, J.M.E. (New York, 1967), p. 216Google Scholar, argues that 1038b9-11 means that being a universal is not a sufficient condition for being substance. I do not see how the Greek can have this interpretation. Hereafter I will refer to this article as Woods.

3 See Lesher, James “Aristotle on Form, Substance, and Universal: A Dilemma,” Phronesis 16 (1971), p. 169CrossRefGoogle Scholar, notes 2 and 3 for this evidence. Hereafter I will refer to this article as Lesher.

4 Lesher, pp. 169–78.

5 Woods, pp. 215–38.

6 Woods, especially pp. 220, 224-29.

7 Other commentators also hold that Z13 attacks the claim that genera are substance, but not the status of species as substance, although their arguments differ from those of Woods. See Elugardo, Reinaldo “Woods on Metaphysics Zeta, Chapter 13,” Apeiron 9 (1975), pp. 30–42Google Scholar, and Albritton, Rogers “Forms of Particular Substances in Aristotle's Metaphysics,” Journal of Philosophy 54 (1957), pp. 704-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Hereafter I will refer to the latter article as Albritton. I will show that Z13 equally attacks both species and genera.

8 Albritton, pp. 699–708.

9 Albritton, p. 700.

10 Lesher makes these cogent attacks on Woods and Albritton, see Lesher, p. 170. Even in Z13 Aristotle uses “what is said universally” and “what belongs by nature to many things” interchangeably. See 1038b9-13.

11 Albritton, p. 707.

12 See Lesher, pp. 174–75, and Met. 1033b32ff.

13 Woods, pp. 217–18, Ross, W. D.Aristotle's, Metaphysics, vol. 2 (Oxford, 1924), p. 209Google Scholar, and Tredennick's Loeb translation, p. 376, n.c. Hereafter I will refer to Aristotle's Metaphysics as Ross.

14 See Ross, p. 210. At 1040a25-28 Aristotle states that every Form must have many participants.

15 See Lesher, p. 171.

16 Plato's middle period Forms are not universals in Aristotle's sense of “universal,” rather they are paradigmatic individuals. The Forms are common only in that many things can imitate or resemble a single Form. But .in Z13 and 14 Aristotle treats the Platonists’ universals as if they were in things. Plato would, of course, reject this view, since his Forms are separate, pure paradigms: see, for example, Symposium 210-12. Aristotle's Justification for this procedure is given in Met. Z 6; there he argues that the substance or essence of x cannot exist apart from x, and since the Platonists' Forms are, he believes, the substances of phenomena, they must exist in phenomena. Also see 991a12-14, and 991b1-9. The absurdities of Z13 and 14 thus result, in part, from treating the Platonists' Forms as if they were in things. The Platonists would, undoubtedly, contest this treatment, for they do not believe that phenomena are substances in Aristotle's sense, or that the Forms are in phenomena as their substances.

17 See 1038b17-19, which implies that the argument at 1038b13-16 deals only with species and not genera.

18 Hence Z13 does not support Woods's distinction between non-substance genera and substance species.

19 The argument at 1038b23-29 denies that substances are composed of qualities, for then qualities would be prior to substances in logos, time, and generation, and hence the qualities would be separate. It is, of course, absurd in Aristotle's system for qualities to exist apart from substances, although the Platonists posit separate Forms of qualities. Perhaps 1038b23-29 states a possible Platonists’ rejoinder: If things are not composed of substance Forms, then they are composed of qualities that are then prior to substances. But this is absurd. This rejoinder has force only if these are the only alternatives, but there is a further option: Aristotle's notions of form and matter.

20 Seen. 18.

21 I disagree with Ross's interpretation of this passage. See Ross, p. 211.

22 Lacey, A. R. “Ousia and Form in Aristotle,” Phronesis 10 (1965), p. 66CrossRefGoogle Scholar, distinguishes, among others, two senses of “substance,” “the concrete individual,” and “the substance of an object.” Aristotle slides between these two senses in Z13, but his arguments show that the Platonists’ universal is not substance in either sense, since for the Platonists the substance of an .object is an individual. If Z13 were to investigate Aristotle's universal, it would have to ask whether what is “one in form” is “the substance of an object,” but this it does not do. Again the Platonists would hotly contest the argument at 1038b29ff.; for they would deny that phenomena are Aristotelian substances, and that the Forms are in phenomena as their substance.

23 The last paragraph of Z13, at 1039a15-23, appears to be a false aporia, perhaps designed for students. Aristotle states that since a substance is not composed of substances or of non-substances, it is incomposite, and thus indefinable. Aristotle's solution to this problem is that a substance is not composed of “things” but rather is a unity of actuality (form) and potentiality (matter, 1045b15-25).

24 See 1000a1-2

25 For an analysis of this argument see Teloh, H. “Parmenides and Plato's Parmenides 131a=132c,” Journal of the History of Philosophy, XIV (1976), pp. 127-8.Google Scholar

26 Albritton, p. 707.

27 A number of passages provide direct textual support for particular forms in the Met.: 999b29-31, 1002b18-20, 1037a5-11, 1070a13-15, 21-25, 1071a26-30, 1087a7-21.

28 Haring, E. S. “Substantial Form in Aristotle's Metaphysics Z,” Review of Metaphysics 10 (1957), p. 325Google Scholar, believes that in this passage Aristotle's form is “timeless and indifferent to its context”; moreover, its “resemblance …to a Platonic Idea becomes marked.” I show that this interpretation is mistaken.

29 I argue in another paper, “The Universal in Aristotle,” forthcoming in Apeiron that Aristotle's universals are not the substances of concrete individuals. No universal is in re, since universals are unenmattered and in the intellect (see Met. 1052a30-33, 1052b1-2, 1052b16-18, 1075a1-6, in conjunction with De Anima 431a1-2, 417b23-24, and Posterior Analytics 100a6-9). Particular forms are the substances of things because they are in them, but the universal is the result of intellectual processes, and hence it is in the intellect.

30 This paper was read at the Tennessee Philosophical Association (1977), and the Pacific Division of the American Philosophical Association (1978). I am indebted to an unnamed referee for the Canadian Journal of Philosophy for helpful comments.