1 Satz, Debra, ‘Marxism, Materialism and Historical Progress,’ this volumeGoogle Scholar. All quotations from the author’s writings will be from this volume unless otherwise specified. In those instances where the citation is not from this volume, the citations will be noted in a standard way.

2 Buchanan, Allen, ‘Marx, Morality and History: An Assessment of Recent Analytical Work on Marx,’ Ethics 98 (October 1987) 104-36CrossRefGoogle Scholar

3 Cohen, G.A., History, Labour, and Freedom (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1988), particularly 286-304Google Scholar. I respond to it in my Marxism and the Moral Point of View (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1988), 227-50. See also Geras, Norman, ‘On Marx and Justice,’ New Left Review 150 (March/April 1985) 47-89Google Scholar.

4 Engels, Frederick, Anti-Dühring, trans. Burns, Emile (New York: International Publishers 1939), 131-2Google Scholar. See my discussion of Engels in my Marxism and the Moral Point of View, 43-60.

5 I have tried to argue for the falsity of that not unfrequently made claim in my Marxism and the Moral Point of View, 136-54.

6 Marx, Karl and Engels, Frederick, The German Ideology, Part 1 (New York: International Publishers 1970), 56-7Google Scholar

7 Braybrooke, David, Meeting Needs (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 1987)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

8 Allen Wood, , ‘Marx’s Immoralism’ in Chavance, Bernard, ed., Marx en Perspective (Paris: Editions de l’Ecole des Haute Etudes en Sciences Sociales 1985), 681-98Google Scholar; Miller, Richard, Analyzing Marx (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 1985)Google Scholar and Fisk, Milton, Ethics and Society (New York: Columbia Universtiy Press 1984)Google Scholar

9 See as well my ‘Marx and the Enlightenment Project,’ Critical Review 2, 4 (Fall 1988) 59-75. But that things are not so straightforward as Norman, or for that matter, in different ways, Sayers gives to understand can be seen from Andrew Collier, ‘Scientific Socialism and the Question of Socialist Values’ in Mepham, J. and Ruben, D.H., eds., Issues in Marxist Philosophy 4 (Brighton, England: The Harvester Press 1981), 3-41Google Scholar and my ‘Coming to Grips with Marxist Anti-Moralism,’ Philosophical Forum 19, 1 (1987) 1-22.

10 Karl Marx, Capital, Vol 1, Chapter XXV, Section 4 and Frederick Engels and Karl Marx, The Manifesto of the Communist Party, Section II

11 For a brilliantly articulated succinct statement see Chapter 1 of his History, Labour, and Freedom. His extended statement, of course, is in his Karl Marx’s Theory of History; A Defense (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1978).

12 Thus, on criteria that John Stuart Mill, John Rawls and Ronald Dworkin would take to be appropriate, communism, if its empirical claims are near to the mark, comes out better than capitalism. But here it is important that we compare empirically feasible models.

13 Rawls, John, ‘The Idea of an Overlapping Consensus,’ Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 7, (1987)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

14 Some, perhaps reflecting on the various insanities going on in the United States and elsewhere, and thinking as well of what imperialism in its various disguises is doing to the world, doubt the facts of such moral progress. My reply is that such a response doesn’t take a long enough view. There are indeed horrors now as there have aways been throughout history, and they are nothing to be complacent about. Something like Noam Chomsky’s disciplined outrage seems to me exactly the right response. But that notwithstanding, there is now more equality in the world, more respect for liberty and more deeply entrenched ideas of democracy, equal citizenship and equal moral sovereignty than ever before. Even the hypocritical lip service paid to it is the compliment that vice pays to virtue.

15 Marx, Karl, Pre-Capitalist Economic Formations, Hobsbawm, E., ed. (New York: International Publishers 1965), 83Google Scholar. Some have taken this reading of Marx to be controversial.

16 For an interpretation that would attend to the same social facts but stress the class interests side rather than the ethical side, see Wood, Allen, ‘Marx’s Immoralism’ and his ‘Justice and Class Interests,’ Philosophica 33, (1984) 9-32Google Scholar. I have criticized Wood in a way that nicely meshes with Satz’s account in my Marxism and the Moral Point of View, 227-41.

17 See here Moore, Stanley, Marx on the Choice between Socialism and Communism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1980)Google Scholar.

18 Wil Kymlicka, ‘Marxism and the Critique of Justice,’ unpublished manuscript.

19 Buchanan, 132

20 Ibid., 111

21 I developed a way of construing the development thesis and historical materialism more generally in terms of human society as a whole in my ‘On Taking Historical Materialism Seriously,’ Dialogue 22, 2 (1983). See also G.A. Cohen, History, Labour, and Freedom, 26-9. William Shaw has criticized my account, finding it, puzzlingly enough, too Hegelian, in his ‘Historical Materialism and the Development Thesis,’ Philosophy of the Social Sciences 16, 2 (1986).

22 Buchanan, 111

23 Elster, Jon, Making Sense of Marx (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press 1985), 107-18Google Scholar

24 Ibid., 109

25 Ibid., 104

26 Ibid.

27 Ibid.

28 David Schweickart argues otherwise in his ‘Reflections on Anti-Marxism: Elster on Marx’s Functionalism and Labour Theory of Value,’ Praxis International 8, 1 (April 1988) 109-22.

29 Elster, On Making Sense of Marx, 104

30 Ibid., 114

31 Ibid., 116

32 Ibid.

33 Levine, Andrew, ‘Review of Making Sense of Marx,’ Journal of Philosophy 83, 12 (December 1986) 721-8Google Scholar. See also Levine, Andrew, Sober, Elliot and Olin Wright, Erik, ‘Marxism and Methodological Individualism,’ New Left Review 162 (1987)Google Scholar. See also note 10 of Levine’s article in this volume. The article by Levine et al. from New Left Review is, among other things, a powerful critique of Elster’s methodological individualism. It should, in my judgment, be regarded as the classic text on methodological individualism. It is an article which should end much barren debate on the subject and dispose of a lot of pseudo-issues.

34 Elster, 116

35 Ibid.

36 Levine, ‘Review of Making Sense of Marx,’ 734

37 Ibid.

38 Ibid.

39 Michael Walzer, ‘Review of Making Sense of Marx,’ New York Review of Books (November 21, 1985)

40 Levine, ‘Review of Making Sense of Marx,’ 728

41 In doing this, Marx plainly makes contact with liberal thinkers such as Rawls and Dworkin, who stress the importance of equal liberty for everyone.

42 Rodney Peffer in his Marxism, Metaethics and Morality (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 1990) combines a careful historical elucidation of Marx’s views on ethics with argumentation with contemporary theories of ethics.

43 Bertell Oilman, by collecting together the various passages and then perspicuously representing them, clearly depicts Marx’s vision of a communist future. See Oilman, Bertell, ‘Marx’s Vision of Communism: A Reconstruction’ in Bixler, S. and Sluzer, S., eds., Radical Vision of the Future (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1977)Google Scholar.

44 Andrew Levine, ‘Review of Making Sense of Marx,’ 728

45 Ibid.

46 Philip Kain and Bertell Oilman both argue that there is such a distinctive methodology in Marx. See Kain, Marx and Ethics (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press 1989), 138-75 and Ollman, Bertell, Social and Sexual Revolution (Boston, MA: South End Press 1979), 99-123Google Scholar.

47 Feher, Ferenc and Heller, Agnes, Eastern Left, Western Left (Oxford, England: Polity Press 1987)Google Scholar

48 I should like to thank Robert Ware for his helpful comments on an earlier draft of this essay. I have made many changes as a result of his comments, though in some instances I have remained stubbornly, perhaps pigheadedly, resistant.