Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T17:26:35.889Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Survival Analysis of Risk Factors for Major Recurrence of Intracranial Aneurysms after Coiling

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 January 2015

Marlise P. dos Santos ,
Armin Sabri ,
Dar Dowlatshahi ,
Ali Muraback Bakkai ,
Abed Elallegy ,
Howard Lesiuk  and
Cheemun Lum
Marlise P. dos Santos*
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital; University of Ottawa. Ottawa, ON, Canada
Armin Sabri
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital; University of Ottawa. Ottawa, ON, Canada
Dar Dowlatshahi
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital; University of Ottawa. Ottawa, ON, Canada
Ali Muraback Bakkai
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital; University of Ottawa. Ottawa, ON, Canada
Abed Elallegy
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital; University of Ottawa. Ottawa, ON, Canada
Howard Lesiuk
Affiliation:
Department of Neurosurgery (HL), The Ottawa Hospital; University of Ottawa. Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Cheemun Lum
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital; University of Ottawa. Ottawa, ON, Canada
*
Correspondence to: Marlise P. dos Santos, The Ottawa Hospital, University Of Ottawa - Medical Imaging, 01-1-10A - 1053 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y4E9, Canada. Email: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background: Recurrence after intracranial aneurysm coiling is a highly prevalent outcome, yet to be understood. We investigated clinical, radiological and procedural factors associated with major recurrence of coiled intracranial aneurysms. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed prospectively collected coiling data (2003-12). We recorded characteristics of aneurysms, patients and interventional techniques, pre-discharge and angiographic follow-up occlusion. The Raymond-Roy classification was used; major recurrence was a change from class I or II to class III, increase in class III remnant, and any recurrence requiring any type of retreatment. Identification of risk factors associated with major recurrence used univariate Cox Proportional Hazards Model followed by multivariate regression analysis of covariates with P<0.1. Results: A total of 467 aneurysms were treated in 435 patients: 283(65%) harboring acutely ruptured aneurysms, 44(10.1%) patients died before discharge and 33(7.6%) were lost to follow-up. A total of 1367 angiographic follow-up studies (range: 1-108 months, Median [interquartile ranges (IQR)]: 37[14-62]) was performed in 384(82.2%) aneurysms. The major recurrence rate was 98(21%) after 6(3.5-22.5) months. Multivariate analysis (358 patients with 384 aneurysms) revealed the risk factors for major recurrence: age>65 y (hazard ratio (HR): 1.61; P=0.04), male sex (HR: 2.13; P<0.01), hypercholesterolemia (HR: 1.65; P=0.03), neck size ≥4 mm (HR: 1.79; P=0.01), dome size ≥7 mm (HR: 2.44; P<0.01), non-stent-assisted coiling (HR: 2.87; P=0.01), and baseline class III (HR: 2.18; P<0.01). Conclusion: Approximately one fifth of the intracranial aneurysms resulted in major recurrence. Modifiable factors for major recurrence were choice of stent-assisted technique and confirmation of adequate baseline occlusion (Class I/II) in the first coiling procedure.

Résumé

Analyse de survie des facteurs de risque de récidive majeure après occlusion endovasculaire d’anévrismes intracrâniens. Contexte: Une récidive après l’occlusion endovasculaire d’un anévrisme survient fréquemment, sans qu’on ne s’explique pourquoi. Nous avons examiné les facteurs cliniques, radiologiques et procéduraux associés à la récidive majeure d’anévrismes intracrâniens après occlusion endovasculaire. Méthode: Nous avons analysé rétrospectivement les données prospectives concernant les patients traités par occlusion endovasculaire entre 2003 et 2012. Nous avons recueilli les caractéristiques des anévrismes, des patients et les techniques opératoires utilisées, avant le congé hospitalier ainsi que le suivi angiographique après l’occlusion. La classification Raymond-Roy a été utilisée: une récidive majeure était définie comme un changement de la classe I ou II à la classe III, une augmentation résiduelle de classe III et une récidive nécessitant tout type de réintervention. Les facteurs de risque associés à une récidive majeure ont été identifiés au moyen du modèle des risques proportionnels de Cox suivi d’une analyse de régression multivariée des covariables, p<0,01. Résultats: Au total, 467 anévrismes ont été traités chez 435 patients: 283 patients (65%) présentaient une rupture aiguë de l’anévrisme, 44 patients (10,1%) sont décédés avant le congé hospitalier et 33 (7,6%) ont été perdus au suivi. En tout, 1367 études angiographiques de suivi (écart de 1 à 108 mois ; médiane 37 ; écarts interquartiles de 14 à 62 mois) ont été effectuées pour 384 anévrismes (82,2%). Le taux de récidive majeure a été de 21% (98) après 6 mois (3,5 à 22,5 mois). L’analyse multivariée (358 patients porteurs de 384 anévrismes) a montré que les facteurs de risque d’une récidive majeure étaient: l’âge>65 ans (risque relatif (RR): 1,61 ; p=0,04), le sexe masculin (RR: 2,13 ; p<0,01), l’hypercholestérolémie (RR: 1,65; p=0,03), la taille du collet de l’anévrisme≥4mm (RR: 1,79 ; p=0,01), la taille de l’anévrisme≥7mm (RR: 2,44 ; p<0,01), l’endoembolisation assistée par stent (RR: 2,87 ; p=0,01) et une classe III initiale (RR: 2,18 ; p<0,01). Conclusion: Environ un anévrisme intracrânien sur cinq a donné lieu à une récidive majeure. Les facteurs modifiables d’une récidive majeure étaient le choix d’une technique assistée par stent et la confirmation d’une occlusion initiale adéquate (classe I/II) lors de la première embolisation endovasculaire.

Keywords

Recurrencereopeningcoilingintracranial aneurysmsurvival analysis
Type
Original Articles
Information
Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences , Volume 42 , Issue 1 , January 2015 , pp. 40 - 47
Copyright
Copyright © The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences Inc. 2015 

Endovascular treatment with coiling techniques are widely used for ruptured and unruptured intracranial aneurysmsReference Brinjikji, Rabinstein, Nasr, Lanzino, Kallmes and Cloft 1 , Reference Molyneux, Kerr and Yu 2 . Retreatment, rupture or rerupture of coiled aneurysms can lead to worsening in clinical status and are potential undesired outcomes associated with recurrence after endovascular treatmentReference Molyneux, Kerr and Birks 3 .

The overall post coiling recurrence rates have been reported at 15%–34% in several studiesReference Murayama, Nien and Duckwiler 4 - Reference Byrne, Sohn and Molyneux 6 . A meta-analysis suggested that major recurrence occurred in 20.8%[95% confidence interval (CI), 19.8%–21.9%] requiring retreatment in 10.3% [95% CI, 9.5%–11.0%] of coiled aneurysmsReference Ferns, Sprengers and van Rooij 7 . In part due to its high prevalence, aneurysm recurrence represents the main weakness of endovascular coiling relative to surgical clipping. Hence, detailed analysis is of critical importance to achieve effective prevention of aneurym recurrence.

The currently known potential risk factors associated with post-coiling recurrence include large aneurysm sizeReference Gruber, Killer, Bavinzski and Richling 8 , presence of intraluminal thrombusReference Ferns, van Rooij and Sluzewski 9 , low packing densityReference Kawanabe, Sadato, Taki and Hashimoto 10 - Reference Sluzewski, van Rooij, Slob, Bescos, Slump and Wijnalda 12 , initial incomplete occlusionReference Raymond, Guilbert and Weill 5 , Reference Gallas, Januel and Pasco 13 - Reference Fiorella, Albuquerque and McDougall 16 , duration of follow-upReference Raymond, Guilbert and Weill 5 , Reference Nishido, Piotin, Bartolini, Pistocchi, Redjem and Blanc 17 , ruptured status at presentationReference Raymond, Guilbert and Weill 5 , Reference Cognard, Weill and Spelle 18 , Reference Plowman, Clarke, Clarke and Byrne 19 , location in the posterior circulationReference Ferns, Sprengers and van Rooij 7 , Reference Henkes, Fischer and Mariushi 14 , Reference Campi, Ramzi and Molyneux 20 , Reference Peluso, van Rooij, Sluzewski, Beute and Majoie 21 , neck width size >4 mmReference Fernandez, Guglielmi, Viñuela and Duckwiler 22 , and unfavorable dome-to-neck ratioReference Murayama, Nien and Duckwiler 4 . However, the available literature analyzing post-coiling recurrence has limitations such as lack of data on individual patients or individual aneurysms (due to mostly aggregated data being available), limited sample size, high rate of incomplete follow-up, wide variation in the schedule and modality of angiographic follow-up, limited heterogeneity in the location, status, types and the sizes of the aneurysms studied, and inconsistent definition of recurrenceReference Ferns, Sprengers and van Rooij 7 . These limitations may have halted previous survival analyses.

The primary goal of this study was to identify risk factors for major recurrence after the coiling procedure of intracranial aneurysms. Secondary goals were to explore the frequencies of recurrence, rupture, rerupture and retreatment of aneurysms after coiling treatment.

Methods

Patients

We prospectively collected data from patients presenting with ruptured or unruptured intracranial saccular aneurysms treated with endovascularly-deployed detachable coils between January 2003 and July 2012. We excluded parent vessel occlusion, flow-related aneurysms and flow diverting techniques. Clinical and demographic data included age, sex, smoking history within five years, treated/non-treated systemic hypertension, treated/non-treated hypercholesterolemia, history of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), hydrocephalus, as well as Hunt & Hess, World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) and Fisher grades at treatment date. This study was approved by our local ethics board.

Aneurysms and periprocedural status

Aneurysm data included location, shape, rupture status, dimensions and the presence of incorporated arteries. Based on the artery of origin, we classified location into anterior (anterior communicating artery [AcomA], posterior communicating artery [PcomA], anterior cerebral artery [ACA], internal carotid artery [ICA], middle cerebral artery [MCA]) and posterior (basilar tip [BTip], non-basilar tip [nBTip]) circulations. We defined an aneurysm as ruptured if SAH was confirmed by non-contrast computed tomography (CT)scan and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis ≤30 days before coiling. In procedures with multiple aneurysms coiled the most likely SAH culprit was labeled as ruptured. Dome size (millimeters distance between the margin of the neck and the fundus) and neck size, periprocedural vasospasm, intraprocedural aneurysm perforation and thromboembolic events were recorded using three-dimensional, diagnostic subtraction angiography (3D-DSA). Using CT scan we recorded the presence of periprocedural hydrocephalus.

Interventional techniques

Endovascular treatment used general anesthesia and systemic heparinization (activated clotting time: 200-400 seconds). After femoral arterial access, aneurysms received detachable coils under biplane fluoroscopy and roadmapping (Axiom Artis, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) while employing three dimensional rotational angiogram (3D-DSA). When an artery originated directly from the aneurysm sac or neck (incorporated artery), a residual part of the aneurysm was left untreated to maintain the vessel patency. We used a combination of detachable coils from several manufacturers, including bare platinum and modified or coated coils. When protection of the parent or incorporated vessel was not possible with conventional techniques, or when there was intraprocedural perforation, non-detachable balloons were employed. If balloon remodeling technique was not feasible or unsuccessful, or in presence of unfavorable neck morphology, or in case of intraprocedural coil prolapse, we chose stent-assisted technique. In elective procedures with expected use of a microstent, we initiated dual antiplatelet therapy five to seven days prior, using aspirin (81 mg daily) and clopidogrel (75 mg daily). In the case of emergent need for a stent, we used a loading dual-antiplatelet dose.

Baseline/pre-discharge and follow-up aneurysm occlusion

For optimal inter-observer agreementReference Menke, Schramm, Sohns, Kallenberg and Staab 23 the interpretation of pre-discharge/baseline and follow-up degree of aneurysm occlusion in DSA and/or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) was performed using the Raymond-Roy classification (class I: complete/adequate occlusion; class II: residual neck/near complete/adequate occlusion; class III: residual body/incomplete/inadequate occlusion). The interpretation was non-blinded and performed in random order by the authors (MPdS, CL, DI, HL), in accordance to our customary practice. Any discrepancy was resolved by consensus. Allowing absence of contra-indication for MRI, a pre-discharge/baseline MRA was obtained in all aneurysms treated after 2006 following a change in practice.

Angiographic follow-up

The angiographic follow-up protocol of all aneurysms consisted of one study performed two to three months after the procedure, followed by studies performed every 12±1 months for five years. Subsequently, the angiographic follow-up was repeated every two to five years.

Recurrence, mortality, and retreatment

Major recurrence was any change from class I/II to class III or an increase in size of a class III aneurysm remnant. Minor recurrence was the interval change in classes I→II. Presumed thrombosis was any change from class II/III to I, or from class III to II, or reduction in the size of a class III remnant.

Lost to follow-up were patients/aneurysms that did not receive an angiographic follow-up after hospital discharge. Pre-discharge mortality was death related to the aneurysm in the same hospital admission. Late mortality was any death occurring after hospital discharge.

Not every aneurysm with major recurrence was retreated, due to either the patient’s non-compliance or medical reasons (i.e. unfavorable post coiling anatomy, significantly elderly patients, or with serious, unstable medical conditions).

Statistical methods

Descriptive data are presented as percentages, means ± standard deviations (SD) for normally distributed variables, and medians±interquartile ranges (IQR) for non-normally distributed variables. For differences in categorical variables, Chi-Sq Test or Fisher’s exact test was used. If all assumptions were met for parametric analyses of the continuous variables, the 2-sample t-test was used; otherwise the 2-sample Wilcoxon Rank Sum test was applied. The survival analysis methodology studied the detection of major recurrence and its timing in months from treatment. Patients without major recurrence were censored at the time of the last angiographic follow-up or death. Kaplan-Meier method estimated distribution of time to major recurrence. Analysis of annual rate of rerupture post coiling included all the lost to follow-up patients. Univariate and multivariate analyses of major recurrence automatically excluded pre-discharge deaths and patients lost to follow-up. The Cox regression analysis was performed to determine the predictors of major recurrence (hazard ratio with 95% CI). The effects with probability value <0.1 in the univariate analysis were selected for a multivariate model. All statistical tests were 2-sided and the results were considered significant at α<0.05 (SAS System for Windows version 9.2, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina).

Results

Patients’ characteristics, treatment history and retreatment

A total of 467 intracranial aneurysms (286[61%] ruptured and 181[39%] unruptured) in 435 patients (female: 320[74%]; male: 115[26%]) with a mean(SD) age of 55.3(12.4) years (y) met the inclusion criteria (Table 1). First-time coiling after neurosurgical clipping was performed in 16(3.4%) aneurysms (ruptured:eight). Twenty-eight (6.4%) patients had two aneurysms coiled, and two (0.5%) patients had three aneurysms coiled. A total of 15.5% of the aneurysms with dome/neck ratio ≤2 were coiled with a stent, versus 5.5% of the aneurysms with dome/neck ratio >2(P<0.01). A total of seven ruptured aneurysms (3%) were treated with stent-assisted coiling as a bailout precaution. The baseline occlusion was not significantly different between coiling techniques (P=0.78).

Table 1 Patients and Aneurysms Characteristics

* SAH=Subarachnoid hemorrhage; ACA/AcomA=anterior cerebral artery/anterior communicating artery; ICA=internal carotid artery; PcomA=posterior communicating artery; MCA=middle cerebral artery; BTip=basilar tip; nBTip=non-basilar tip; mm=millimeters.

† Baseline occlusion result is statistically different between ruptured and unruptured aneurysms;

†† Baseline Class III occlusion result was not statistically different between ruptured and unruptured aneurysms.

Thirty-five (7.5%) aneurysms (ruptured: 23) were coiled twice and four (0.8%) aneurysms (ruptured: three) were coiled thrice during our study period, totaling 510 coiling procedures. The coiling retreatment happened after 2-52 months of the first coiling treatment (Median[IQR]: 9.5[6-14]). Twenty-two retreated major recurrences (56% of 39) had a major recurrence after a second coiling. Of the remainder 17 retreated major recurrences, 13(33%) remained stable, one showed presumed thrombosis, one showed minor recurrence, and two were lost to follow-up. A third coiling was performed in four (10.2% of 39) aneurysms that showed increase in class III remnant during follow-up (10-83 months, Median[IQR]: 24[14-45]).

The retreatment rate per year was 5.25% (95% CI, 3.70-7.24) in the ruptured subcohort and 2.55% (95% CI, 1.48-4.08) in the unruptured subcohort.

Baseline aneurysm occlusion

In the baseline angiography (230 DSA and 237 MRA), we detected class I occlusion in 196(42%) aneurysms, class II in 191(41%) aneurysms, and class III in 80(17%) aneurysms (Table 1).

Lost to follow-up cases, mortality, and rerupture

Thirty-three (7.6%) patients were lost to follow-up (37 aneurysms; 25 ruptured (8.7%); P=0.27). Pre-discharge mortality was recorded in 44(10.1% of the entire cohort) patients harboring 46 aneurysms, among which 42 were originally ruptured and two originally unruptured (Table 1). The two pre-discharge mortality cases in the unruptured aneurysms subcohort resulted from intraprocedural perforations representing 1.3% of our unruptured subcohort. Among the subcohort of 79 patients harboring 80 aneurysms with baseline class III occlusion, eleven (13.5%) died before discharge (all originally ruptured) and four (5.0%) were lost to follow-up (all originally ruptured).

Twenty-two (5%) patients suffered late mortality; the cause and date of death was identified in 17/22(77.3%) patients (Median[IQR]: 40[14-61]months) - two were aneurysm related in-patients with multiple untreated aneurysms.

There were no pre-discharge reruptures in the entire cohort. Three (0.8%) aneurysms (all initially ruptured in patients with major recurrence in angiographic follow-up), presented with rerupture, after 3, 38 and 81 months, without mortality. We identified the yearly rerupture rate: 0.43% (95% CI, 0.09-1.25) in the ruptured subcohort and 0.22% (95% CI, 0.04-0.64) in the entire cohort.

Angiographic follow-up and risks factors for recurrence

For the 384(82.2%) followed aneurysms, the total number of angiographic studies was 1367, performed 1-10 times (Mean[SD]: 3.6[2.0]; Median[IQR]: 3[2-5]) for each aneurysm after 1-108 months (Mean[SD]: 40.0[28.6]; Median[IQR]: 37[14-62]). The distribution of the time interval elapsed between the treatment and the last angiographic follow-up for each aneurysm is shown in the Figure.

Stability in occlusion was sustained in 183 aneurysms (39.2% of the entire cohort; 47.6% of the followed-up subcohort) up to a Median(IQR) of 38.5(19-61) months. Fifty-four aneurysms (11.6% of the entire cohort; 14.1% of the followed-up subcohort) demonstrated presumed thrombosis over 28.5(16-60) months.

Any recurrence, either minor or major, was reported in 147(31.5%) aneurysms after a Median(IQR) of 33(7-61) months, of which 14(3.0% of entire cohort) happened following an initial phase of presumed thrombosis (Median[IQR]: 40[36-55] months after coiling).

Major recurrence was seen in 98(21%) aneurysms after six (3.5-22.5) months among which five(1%), two ruptured and three unruptured, happened following an initial phase of presumed thrombosis (Median[IQR]: 72[53-101] months after coiling). The five cases that presented with delayed major recurrence after presumed thrombosis represented increase in class III remnant and had unfavorable dome/neck and width/neck ratio.

Regarding the subcohort with baseline class III remnant (80 aneurysms in 79 patients), sixty-five (81.2%) were followed. Increase in class III remnant/major recurrence was shown in 25(31.5%) aneurysms, presumed thrombosis in 22(27.5%), stability in 10(12.5%), post-thrombosis major recurrence in 4(5%), and post-thrombosis minor recurrence in 4(5%). In this subcohort, major recurrence was detected after a median (IQR) of six (3.5-9) months, while post-thrombosis major recurrence took 86.5(67.5-102.5) months to appear.

The univariate and multivariate survival analyses censored 77 patients with a total of 83 aneurysms (representing 44 pre-discharge deaths and 33 patients lost to follow-up). In total, 384 aneurysms in 358 patients were assessed in these analyses. Univariate survival analysis of major recurrence as the primary outcome (Table 2) showed that age >65 y (hazard ratio (HR): 1.84; P<0.01), male sex (HR: 2.34; P<0.01), hypercholesterolemia (HR: 2.26; P<0.01), rupture at presentation (HR: 1.55; P=0.03), aneurysm neck size ≥4 mm (HR: 2.23; P<0.01), dome size ≥7 mm (HR: 3.17; P<0.01), dome to neck ratio >2 (HR: 1.69; P=0.01), Fisher grade 4 (HR: 1.77; P<0.01), conventional and balloon-assisted versus stent-assisted coiling (HR: 2.12; P=0.02), class III occlusion at the baseline angiography (HR: 2.76; P<0.01) and using MRA versus DSA as the baseline angiography (HR: 1.76; P<0.01) were associated with major recurrence. Among the aneurysms with dome to neck ratio >2, both the ones with neck ≥4 mm (HR: 1.95; P=0.02) and the ones with neck <4 mm (HR: 1.99; P=0.02) were associated with major recurrence. Trend association with major recurrence (0.05<P<0.1) was identified for systemic hypertension (HR: 1.44; P=0.07).

Table 2 Major Recurrence Predictors – Survival Analysis

ACA/AcomA=anterior cerebral artery/anterior communicating artery; ICA=internal carotid artery; PcomA=posterior communicating artery; MCA=middle cerebral artery; BTip=basilar tip; nBTip=non-basilar tip; mm=millimeters. MRA=magnetic resonance angiography; Periproc=; Intraproc=; WFNS=World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies

* Post=Posterior;

† Ant=Anterior;

‡ Basilar Tip;

§ Ruptured aneurysms only;

|| All aneurysms;

# Periprocedural;

** Intraprocedural

In the multivariate model (Table 2) we excluded the variables dome/neck ratio >2 (due to the results of the univariate analysis) and Fisher grade 4 (due to its sole reference to the ruptured aneurysms). After multivariate Cox regression analysis, age >65 y (HR: 1.61; P=0.04), male sex (HR: 2.13; P<0.01), hypercholesterolemia (HR: 1.65; P=0.03), aneurysm neck size ≥4 mm (HR: 1.79; P=0.01), aneurysm dome size ≥7 mm (HR: 2.44; P<0.01), non-stent-assisted coiling (HR: 2.87; P=0.01) and baseline occlusion of class III (HR: 2.18; P<0.01) were risk factors associated with major recurrence.

Figure Distribution of the time interval elapsed between the treatment and the last angiographic follow-up for each aneurysm.

Discussion

Recurrence after coiling is an outcome with unknown clinical significance, notwithstanding potential association with a higher rate of rupture, rerupture and retreatmentReference Byrne, Sohn and Molyneux 6 , Reference Thornton, Debrun, Aletich, Bashir, Charbel and Ausman 15 , Reference Cognard, Weill and Spelle 18 , Reference Campi, Ramzi and Molyneux 20 , Reference McDougall, Spetzler and Zabramski 24 . To enable prevention it is critical to understand associated risk factors and the type of recurrence post coiling that is associated with poor clinical outcome. The main challenge lies in the fact that the definition of “recurrence” varies greatly in the literature. This variability generates a wide range of recurrence rates and results with considerable range in its association with multiple potential risk factorsReference Raymond, Guilbert and Weill 5 , Reference Gruber, Killer, Bavinzski and Richling 8 - Reference Fernandez, Guglielmi, Viñuela and Duckwiler 22 . We applied a strict definition of recurrence and major recurrence and analyzed the relationship between several clinical, anatomical and technical data as a surrogate of major recurrence using survival analysis. The strength of our study rests upon the use of survival analysis in a large, long follow-up series, enabling a relatively more reliable assessment of multiple covariates.

The baseline/pre-discharge angiographic imaging in our study showed class III remnant in less than one fifth of aneurysms. In a systematic review of 46 similar studies, inadequate baseline occlusion was reported in 9% of aneurysmsReference Ferns, Sprengers and van Rooij 7 , while prospective multicenter studies with independent core laboratories reported inadequate baseline occlusion in 20-29%Reference Pierot, Leclerc, Bonafé and Bracard 25 , Reference Pierot, Cognard, Ricolfi and Anxionnat 26 . Such a discrepancy in the degree of baseline occlusion among the studies likely originates from the subjectivity of the occlusion grading and from the heterogeneous inclusion criteria or angiographic follow-up modalities used in the studies. The 3-grade Raymond-Roy scale is pragmatically used by most authors to assess aneurysm occlusion after coiling. However, the performance and limitations of this classification for recurrence assessment has been outlinedReference Roy 27 particularly in the case of interval increase in class III remnantReference Hasan, Nadareyshvili and Hoppe 28 , Reference Abdihalim, Watanabe, Chaudhry, Jagadeesan, Suri and Qureshi 29 . Nevertheless, in an attempt to optimize inter- and intra- observer agreement, the majority of the studies published to date classified the post-coiling occlusion using similar scale.

When distinguishing minor from major recurrences, our analysis found major recurrence in approximately one fifth of the aneurysms, which is comparable to the literatureReference Raymond, Guilbert and Weill 5 , Reference Ferns, Sprengers and van Rooij 7 . Baseline class III remnant was associated with major recurrence and this was similar to othersReference Raymond, Guilbert and Weill 5 , Reference Taki 30 , Reference Pierot, Cognard, Anxionnat and Ricolfi 31 , Reference Willinsky, Peltz, da Costa, Agid and Farb 32 . Our study confirms that major recurrence can occur several months after coiling procedure. It also shows the usefulness of close angiographic follow-up within the first year after coiling with baseline class III remnant to detect major recurrence.

Aneurysm location did not significantly impact major recurrence in our study, a finding which was similar to that of othersReference Raymond, Guilbert and Weill 5 , Reference Cognard, Weill and Spelle 18 . However, association between posterior circulation location and impending recurrence was found in a series with the majority of ruptured aneurysmsReference Ferns, Sprengers and van Rooij 33 and in studies focusing on posterior circulation aneurysmsReference Ferns, Sprengers and van Rooij 7 .

In agreement with the literature, dome ≥7 mm and neck ≥4 mm were associated with major recurrence. However, dome/neck ratio >2 was associated with major recurrence in the univariate analysis which is not in line with the literatureReference Raymond, Guilbert and Weill 5 , Reference Taki 30 - Reference Choi, Kim, Lee, Willinsky and terBrugge 35 . This is explained by dome/neck ratio ≤2 being significantly more frequent in our unruptured subcohort while representing an indication for stent placement in our center (selection bias). Compared to other studiesReference Raymond, Guilbert and Weill 5 , Reference Taki 30 , Reference Songsaeng, Geibprasert, ter Brugge, Willinsky, Tymianski and Krings 34 , Reference Choi, Kim, Lee, Willinsky and terBrugge 35 , ours has a relatively higher percentage of stent-assisted procedures. Even though the baseline degree of occlusion was not different among our three types of coiling technique, this multivariate analysis shows that stent-assist technique protects aneurysms against major recurrence, similar to prior studiesReference Nishido, Piotin, Bartolini, Pistocchi, Redjem and Blanc 17 , Reference Shapiro, Becske, Sahlein, Babb and Nelson 36 . Stent assisted coiling (SAC) technique adds invasiveness and potential morbidity to a coiling procedure. A large case series reported more lethal complications in patients treated with SAC technique compared with non-SAC casesReference Nishido, Piotin, Bartolini, Pistocchi, Redjem and Blanc 17 . The rates of major recurrence in SAC, along with its comparative disadvantages such as procedure-related complications and mortality,Reference Nishido, Piotin, Bartolini, Pistocchi, Redjem and Blanc 17 , Reference Shapiro, Becske, Sahlein, Babb and Nelson 36 require further investigation in large series and in prospectively controlled trials such as the ongoing Stenting in Aneurysm Treatment (STAT) trialReference Darsaut and Raymond 37 .

In our series, none of the SAH-related variables (Fisher, Hunt &Hess and WFNS grades), periprocedural hydrocephalus or vasospasm could predict major recurrence. Overall similar results have been found in other seriesReference Taki 30 , Reference Pierot, Cognard, Anxionnat and Ricolfi 31 .

In our practice, the coiling treatment of unruptured aneurysms in elderly patients is typically reserved to large, symptomatic, morphologically complex, or unstable aneurysms, and in those patients with multiple aneurysms or significant family history. Older age (>65 years) was significantly associated with major recurrence and some of our indications for coiling may have influenced the association with major recurrence (selection bias). There is sparse literature on the effects of older age in the durability of coiling proceduresReference Gonzalez, Dusick and Duckwiler 38 .

Male sex was a factor associated with major recurrence. Contrary to other studiesReference Raymond, Guilbert and Weill 5 , Reference Taki 30 , Reference Ferns, Sprengers and van Rooij 33 , our male patients were 2.1 times more likely to present with major recurrence. Our analysis showed a trend for our male patients to have larger aneurysm dome size than females. We found however no significant difference comparing covariates between males and females and no interaction between sex and each of the significant risk factors identified in the multivariate analysis. One study in elderly patients treated with coiling found an association between male sex and rupture/rerupture post coilingReference Gonzalez, Dusick and Duckwiler 38 .

Along with elderly age, hypercholesterolemia was an atherosclerosis-related risk factor for major recurrence. Our data are insufficient to clarify whether hypercholesterolemia or its treatment with statins exerts the risk inducing effectReference Vlak, Rinkel, Greebe and Algra 39 and these have yet to be investigated in further studies.

No significant association between systemic hypertension and major recurrence could be established in our cohort, perhaps due to our routine of strict blood pressure control after the procedure. Smoking was not associated with major recurrence and this finding was similar to the mid-term follow-up results of the CLARITY study on ruptured aneurysmsReference Pierot, Cognard, Anxionnat and Ricolfi 31 , although contrary to retrospective dataReference Ortiz, Stefanski, Rosenwasser and Veznedaroglu 40 .

Rupture at presentation was not associated with major recurrence. We found no significant difference between the ruptured and unruptured subcohorts in terms of baseline class III remnant. Some authors have shown the association between rupture at presentation with any recurrence in generalReference Cognard, Weill and Spelle 18 , Reference Nguyen, Hoh, Amin-Hanjani, Pryor and Ogilvy 41 or with major recurrence in particularReference Raymond, Guilbert and Weill 5 , while others have notReference Ferns, Sprengers and van Rooij 33 - Reference Choi, Kim, Lee, Willinsky and terBrugge 35 . The larger dimension of the unruptured aneurysmsReference Ferns, Sprengers and van Rooij 7 , 42 seen in our cohort, with significantly more baseline occlusion class I, is proposed as a possible cause of the lack of such an association.

Emphasizing previous published dataReference Johnston, Dowd, Higashida, Lawton, Duckwiler and Gress 43 , Reference Naggara, Lecler, Oppenheim, Meder and Raymond 44 , all the reruptures in our study were documented after the hospital discharge in the originally ruptured subcohort. When investigated at the time of rerupture, these aneurysms met our criteria for major recurrence. The majority of our retreatments happened less than one year after the initial coiling procedure and were approximately twice more frequent in the ruptured aneurysms. For a few reasons a relationship between class III remnant and pre-discharge mortality could not be established in our study: small number of deaths, with the minority of pre-discharge mortalities having baseline class III remnant and the majority of pre-discharge mortalities happening in the ruptured subcohort. We had a small number of late mortality cases and there was no association between the coiled aneurysm(s) and cause of death.

Our study has important limitations including its observational design, the interchangeable use of DSA and MRA for angiographic follow-up in some patients, the non-blinded random interpretation of the angiographic follow-up (reflecting our customary practice), and the small sample size to establish an association between major recurrence and mortality.

Our study was strengthened by the large cohort of patients, the detailed prospective data collection, the low rate of lost to follow-up, and the relatively regular and long duration of angiographic follow-up.

Conclusion

The survival analysis in this large prospective cohort with long term follow-up data identified age >65 y, male sex, hypercholesterolemia, aneurysm neck size ≥4 mm, aneurysm dome size ≥7 mm, non-stent-assisted coiling, and the baseline incomplete occlusion (class III) as risk factors associated with major recurrence. Patients harboring one or more of these features may require a more rigorous and individualized angiographic follow-up schedule. The choice of stent-assisted technique and the confirmation of adequate baseline occlusion were the only modifiable factors in our study. Prospective series are needed to continue the analysis of aneurysm recurrence after endovascular treatment.

Disclosures

Authors have nothing to disclose.

References

1. Brinjikji, W, Rabinstein, AA, Nasr, DM, Lanzino, G, Kallmes, DF, Cloft, HJ. Better outcomes with treatment by coiling relative to clipping of unruptured intracranial aneurysms in the United States, 2001-2008. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011;32:1071-1075.Google Scholar
2. Molyneux, AJ, Kerr, RSC, Yu, L, et al. International subarachnoid aneurysm trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomised comparison of effects on survival, dependency, seizures, rebleeding, subgroups, and aneurysm occlusion. Lancet. 2005;366:809-817.Google Scholar
3. Molyneux, AJ, Kerr, RSC, Birks, J, et al. Risk of recurrent subarachnoid haemorrhage, death, or dependence and standardised mortality ratios after clipping or coiling of an intracranial aneurysm in the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT): long-term follow-up. Lancet Neurology. 2009;8:427-433.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4. Murayama, Y, Nien, YL, Duckwiler, G, et al. Guglielmi detachable coil embolization of cerebral aneurysms: 11 years' experience. J Neurosurg. 2003;98:959-966.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5. Raymond, J, Guilbert, F, Weill, A, et al. Long-term angiographic recurrences after selective endovascular treatment of aneurysms with detachable coils. Stroke. 2003;34:1398-1403.Google Scholar
6. Byrne, JV, Sohn, MJ, Molyneux, AJ, et al. Five-year experience in using coil embolization for ruptured intracranial aneurysms: outcomes and incidence of late rebleeding. J Neurosurg. 1999;90:656-663.Google Scholar
7. Ferns, S, Sprengers, MES, van Rooij, WJ, et al. Coiling of intracranial aneurysms: a systematic review on initial occlusion and reopening and retreatment rates. Stroke. 2009;40:e523-e529.Google Scholar
8. Gruber, A, Killer, M, Bavinzski, G, Richling, B. Clinical and angiographic results of endosaccular coiling treatment of giant and very large intracranial aneurysms: a 7-year, single-center experience. Neurosurgery. 1999;45:793-803.Google Scholar
9. Ferns, SP, van Rooij, WJ, Sluzewski, M, et al. Partially thrombosed intracranial aneurysms presenting with mass effect: long-term clinical and imaging follow-up after endovascular treatment. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010;31:1197-1205.Google Scholar
10. Kawanabe, Y, Sadato, A, Taki, W, Hashimoto, N. Endovascular occlusion of intracranial aneurysms with Guglielmi detachable coils: correlation between coil packing density and coil compaction. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2001;143:451-455.Google Scholar
11. Uchiyama, N, Kida, S, Nomura, M, et al. Significance of volume embolization ratio as a predictor of recanalization on endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms with Guglielmi detachable coils. Interv Neuroradiol. 2000;6(Suppl 1):59-63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12. Sluzewski, M, van Rooij, WJ, Slob, MJ, Bescos, JO, Slump, CH, Wijnalda, D. Relation between aneurysm volume, packing, and compaction in 145 cerebral aneurysms treated with coils. Radiology. 2004;231:653-658.Google Scholar
13. Gallas, S, Januel, AC, Pasco, A, et al. Long-term follow-up of 1036 cerebral aneurysms treated by bare coils: a multicentric cohort treated between 1998 and 2003. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30:1986-1992.Google Scholar
14. Henkes, H, Fischer, S, Mariushi, W, et al. Angiographic and clinical results in 316 coil-treated basilar artery bifurcation aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 2005;103:990-999.Google Scholar
15. Thornton, J, Debrun, GM, Aletich, VA, Bashir, Q, Charbel, FT, Ausman, J. Follow-up angiography of intracranial aneurysms treated with endovascular placement of Guglielmi detachable coils. Neurosurgery. 2002;50:239-249.Google Scholar
16. Fiorella, D, Albuquerque, FC, McDougall, CG. Durability of aneurysm embolization with matrix detachable coils. Neurosurgery. 2006;58:51-59.Google Scholar
17. Nishido, H, Piotin, M, Bartolini, B, Pistocchi, S, Redjem, H, Blanc, R. Analysis of complications and recurrences of aneurysm coiling with special emphasis on the stent-assisted technique. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014 Feb 35:339-344.Google Scholar
18. Cognard, C, Weill, A, Spelle, L, et al. Long-term angiographic follow-up of 169 intracranial berry aneurysms occluded with detachable coils. Radiology. 1999;212:348-356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19. Plowman, RS, Clarke, A, Clarke, M, Byrne, JV. Sixteen-year single-surgeon experience with coil embolization for ruptured intracranial aneurysms: recurrence rates and incidence of late rebleeding. J Neurosurg. 2011;114:863-874.Google Scholar
20. Campi, A, Ramzi, N, Molyneux, AJ, et al. Retreatment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms in patients randomized by coiling or clipping in the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT). Stroke. 2007;38:1538-1544.Google Scholar
21. Peluso, JP, van Rooij, WJ, Sluzewski, M, Beute, GN, Majoie, CB. Posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms: incidence, clinical presentation, and outcome of endovascular treatment. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29:86-90.Google Scholar
22. Fernandez, Zubillaga A, Guglielmi, G, Viñuela, F, Duckwiler, GR. Endovascular occlusion of intracranial aneurysms with electrically detachable coils: correlation of aneurysm neck size and treatment results. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1994;15:815-820.Google Scholar
23. Menke, J, Schramm, P, Sohns, JM, Kallenberg, K, Staab, W. Diagnosing flow residuals in coiled cerebral aneurysms by MR angiography: meta-analysis. J Neurol. 2014;261:655-2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24. McDougall, CG, Spetzler, RF, Zabramski, JM, et al. The Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial. J Neurosurg. 2012;116:135-144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25. Pierot, L, Leclerc, X, Bonafé, A, Bracard, S. French Matrix Registry Investigators. Endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms with matrix detachable coils: midterm anatomic follow-up from a prospective multicenter registry. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29:57-61.Google Scholar
26. Pierot, L, Cognard, C, Ricolfi, F, Anxionnat, R. Immediate anatomic results after the endovascular treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms: analysis in the CLARITY series. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010;31:907-911.Google Scholar
27. Roy, D. Aneurysm recurrence after endovascular treatment. Neurochirurgie. 2012;58:97-102.Google Scholar
28. Hasan, DM, Nadareyshvili, AI, Hoppe, AL, et al. Cerebral aneurysm sac growth as the etiology of recurrence after successful coil embolization. Stroke. 2012;43:866-868.Google Scholar
29. Abdihalim, M, Watanabe, M, Chaudhry, SA, Jagadeesan, B, Suri, MFK, Qureshi, AI.. Are coil compaction and aneurysmal growth two distinct etiologies leading to recurrence following endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysm? J Neuroimaging. 2014;24:171-175.Google Scholar
30. Taki, W, PRESAT group. Factors predicting retreatment and residual aneurysms at 1 year after endovascular coiling for ruptured cerebral aneurysms: Prospective Registry of Subarachnoid Aneurysms Treatment (PRESAT) in Japan. Neuroradiology. 2012;54:597-606.Google Scholar
31. Pierot, L, Cognard, C, Anxionnat, R, Ricolfi, F. Endovascular treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms: factors affecting midterm quality anatomic results: analysis in a prospective, multicenter series of patients (CLARITY). AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2012;33:1475-1480.Google Scholar
32. Willinsky, RA, Peltz, J, da Costa, L, Agid, R, Farb, R. terBrugge KG. Clinical and angiographic follow-up of ruptured intracranial aneurysms treated with endovascular embolization. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30:1035-1040.Google Scholar
33. Ferns, SP, Sprengers, MES, van Rooij, WJ, et al. Late reopening of adequately coiled intracranial aneurysms: frequency and risk factors in 400 patients with 440 aneurysms. Stroke. 2011;42:1331-1337.Google Scholar
34. Songsaeng, D, Geibprasert, S, ter Brugge, KG, Willinsky, R, Tymianski, M, Krings, T. Impact of individual intracranial arterial aneurysm morphology on initial obliteration and recurrence rates of endovascular treatments: a multivariate analysis. J Neurosurg. 2011;114:994-1002.Google Scholar
35. Choi, DS, Kim, MC, Lee, SK, Willinsky, R, terBrugge, KG. Clinical and angiographic long-term follow-up of completely coiled intracranial aneurysms using endovascular technique. J Neurosurg. 2010;112:575-581.Google Scholar
36. Shapiro, M, Becske, T, Sahlein, D, Babb, J, Nelson, PK. Stent-supported aneurysm coiling: a literature survey of treatment and follow-up. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2012;33:159-163.Google Scholar
37. Darsaut, TE, Raymond, J, for the STAT Collaborative Group. The design of the STenting in Aneurysm Treatments (STAT) trial. J Neurointerv Surg. 2012;4:178-181.Google Scholar
38. Gonzalez, NR, Dusick, JR, Duckwiler, G, et al. Endovascular coiling of intracranial aneurysms in elderly patients: report of 205 treated aneurysms. Neurosurgery. 2010;66:714-720.Google Scholar
39. Vlak, MH, Rinkel, GJ, Greebe, P, Algra, A. Risk of rupture of an intracranial aneurysm based on patient characteristics: a case-control study. Stroke. 2013;44(5):1256-1259.Google Scholar
40. Ortiz, R, Stefanski, M, Rosenwasser, R, Veznedaroglu, E. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for recurrence of aneurysms treated by endosaccular occlusion. J Neurosurg. 2008;108:672-675.Google Scholar
41. Nguyen, TN, Hoh, BL, Amin-Hanjani, S, Pryor, JC, Ogilvy, CS. Comparison of ruptured vs unruptured aneurysms in recanalization after coil embolization. Surg Neurol. 2007;68:19-23.Google Scholar
42. International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Investigators. Unruptured intracranial aneurysms - risk of rupture and risks of surgical intervention. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1725-1733.Google Scholar
43. Johnston, SC, Dowd, CF, Higashida, RT, Lawton, MT, Duckwiler, GR, Gress, Dr. Predictors of rehemorrhage after treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms: the Cerebral Aneurysm Rerupture After Treatment (CARAT) study. Stroke. 2008;39:120-125.Google Scholar
44. Naggara, ON, Lecler, A, Oppenheim, C, Meder, JF, Raymond, J. Endovascular treatment of intracranial unruptured aneurysms: a systematic review of the literature on safety with emphasis on subgroup analyses. Radiology. 2012;263:828-835.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Figure 0

Table 1 Patients and Aneurysms Characteristics

Figure 1

Table 2 Major Recurrence Predictors – Survival Analysis

Figure 2

Figure Distribution of the time interval elapsed between the treatment and the last angiographic follow-up for each aneurysm.