Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-16T15:06:32.171Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Physiology of the Basal Ganglia and Pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 January 2016

Robert G. Lee*
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary
*
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Foothills Hospital, 1403-29th Street N.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 2T9
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract:

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

This paper reviews current concepts concerning the anatomical organization and functions of the basal ganglia focusing mainly on the role of the basal ganglia in control of movement. Results of several studies which have been carried out on patients with Parkinson's disease are also reviewed and discussed as examples of altered normal physiological mechanisms.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Neurological Sciences Federation 1987

References

REFERENCES

1.DeLong, MR, Georgopoulos, AP. Motor functions of the basal ganglia. In: Brooks, VB, ed. Handbook of Physiology, section I, Vol 2. Motor Control. Amer Physiol Soc 1981; 10171061.Google Scholar
2.Evarts, EV, O’Connor, M, eds. Function of the basal ganglia, (Ciba Foundation Symposium 107) Pitman, London 1984.Google Scholar
3.Penney, JB Jr, Young, AB. Speculations on the functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders. Ann Rev Neurosci 1983; 6: 7394.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4.Marsden, CD. The mysterious motor function of the basal ganglia; the Robert Wartenberg Lecture. Neurology 1982; 32: 514539.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5.Lee, RG. Physiology of the basal ganglia: an overview. Can J Neurol Sci 1984; 11: 124128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6.Evarts, EV, Wise, SP. Basal ganglia outputs and motor control. In: Functions of the Basal Ganglia, (Ciba Foundation Symposium 107) Pitman, London 1984; 83102.Google Scholar
7.Alexander, GE, Delong, MR, Strick, PL. Parallel organisation of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Ann Rev Neurosci 1986; 9: 357381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8.Tracey, DJ, Assanuma, C, Jones, EC, Porter, R. Thalamic relays to motor cortex: afferent pathways from brainstem cerebellum and spinal cord in monkeys. J Neurophysiol 1980; 44: 532554.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9.Bolam, JP. Synapsis of identified neurons in the neostriatum. In: Functions of the Basal Ganglia, (Ciba Foundation Symposium 107) Pitman, London 1984; 3047.Google Scholar
10.Nieoullon, A, Kerkerian, L, Dusticier, N. Presynaptic controls in the neostriatum: reciprocal interactions between the nigro-strial dopaminergic neurons and the cortico-striatal glutamatergic pathway. In: Massion, J, et al., eds. Neural Coding of Motor Performance. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1983; 5465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11.Delong, MR, Georgopoulos, AP. Motor function of the basal gan-glia as revealed by studies of single cell activity in the behaving primate. Adv Neurol 1979; 24: 131140.Google Scholar
12.Crutcher, MD, Delong, MR. Single cell studies of the primate putamen. I. Functional organisation. Exp Brain Res 1984; 53: 233243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Crutcher, MD and Delong, MR.Single cell studies of the primate putamen. II. Relations to direction of movement and pattern of muscular activity. Exp Brain Res 1984; 53: 244258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14.Alexander, GE and Delong, MR.Microstimulation of the primate neostriatum. I. Physiological properties of striatal microexcitable zones. J Neurophysiol 1985; 53: 14171432.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15.Alexander, GE, Delong, MR.Microstimulation of the primate neostriatum II Somatotopic organization of striatal microexcitable zones and their relation to neuronal response properties. J Neurophysiol 1985; 53: 14331436.Google ScholarPubMed
16.Marsden, CD.Which motor disorder in Parkinson’s disease indi-cates the true motor function of the basal ganglia? In: Functions of the Basal Ganglia, (Ciba Foundation Symposium 107) Pitman, London 1984; 225241.Google ScholarPubMed
17.Evarts, EV, Teravainen, H, Calne, DB.Reaction time in Parkinson’s disease. Brain 1981; 104: 167186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18.Angel, AW, Alston, W, Higgins, JR.Control of movement in Parkinson’s disease. Brain 1970; 93: 114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19.Cooke, JD, Brown, JD.Increased dependence on visual information for arm movement in patients with Parkinson’s disease. In: Poirier, LJ, Sourkes, TL, Bedard, PJ, eds. The Extrapyramidal System and its Disorders, Raven Press, New York 1979; 185189.Google Scholar
20.Flowers, KA.Visual “closed-loop” and “open-loop” characteris-tics of voluntary movement in patients with parkinsonian and intention tremor. Brain 1976; 99: 269310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21.Day, BL, Marsden, CD.Two strategies for learning a visually guided motor task. Percept Motor Skills 1982; 55: 10031016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22.Hallett, M, Khosbin, S.A physiological mechanism of bradykinesia. Brain 1980; 103: 301314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23.Benecke, R, Rothwell, JC, Dick, JPR, et al. Performance of simulta-neous movements in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Brain 1986; 109: 739757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24.Lee, RG, Tatton, WG., Motor responses to sudden limb displace-ment in primates with specific CNS lesions and in human patients with motor system disorders. Can J Neurol Sci 1975; 2: 285293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25.Lee, RG, Tatton, WG.Long loop reflexes in man: clinical applications.In: Desmedt, JE, ed. Progress in Clinical Neurophysiology, Cerebral Motor Control in Man, Long Loop Mechanisms Karger, Basel 1978; 4: 320333.Google Scholar
26.Lee, RG, Murphy, JT, Tatton, WG.Long latency myotatic reflexes in man: mechanisms, functional significance, and changes in patients with Parkinson’s disease or hemiplegia. In: Desmedt, JE, ed. Motor Control Mechanisms in Health and Disease. Adv Neurol 1983; 39: 489508.Google ScholarPubMed
27.Tatton, WG, Beddingham, W, Verrier, MC, Blair, RDJ.Characteris-tic alterations in responses to imposed wrist displacements in parkinsonian rigidity and dystonia musculorum deformans. Can J Neurol Sci 1984; 11: 281287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28.Cody, FWJ, Macdermott, N, Matthews, PBC, Richardson, HC.Observations on the genesis of the stretch reflex in Parkinson’s disease. Brain 1986; 109: 229249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29.Noth, J, Podoll, K, Friedmann, H-H.Long-loop reflexes in small hand muscles studied in normal subjects and in patients with Huntington’s disease. Brain 1985; 108: 6580.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed