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Neuroscience in Nazi Europe Part II: Resistance against the Third Reich

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2014

Lawrence A. Zeidman
Lawrence A. Zeidman*
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, (M/C 796), Chicago, Illinois, USA
*
University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation (M/C 796), Neuropsychiatric Institute, 912 S. Wood Street, Room 855N, Chicago, IL, USA, 60612-7330.
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Abstract

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Previously, I mentioned that not all neuroscientists collaborated with the Nazis, who from 1933 to 1945 tried to eliminate neurologic and psychiatric disease from the gene pool. Oskar and Cécile Vogt openly resisted and courageously protested against the Nazi regime and its policies, and have been discussed previously in the neurology literature. Here I discuss Alexander Mitscherlich, Haakon Saethre, Walther Spielmeyer, Jules Tinel, and Johannes Pompe. Other neuroscientists had ambivalent roles, including Hans Creutzfeldt, who has been discussed previously. Here, I discuss Max Nonne, Karl Bonhoeffer, and Oswald Bumke. The neuroscientists who resisted had different backgrounds and motivations that likely influenced their behavior, but this group undoubtedly saved lives of colleagues, friends, and patients, or at least prevented forced sterilizations. By recognizing and understanding the actions of these heroes of neuroscience, we pay homage and realize how ethics and morals do not need to be compromised even in dark times.

Type
Historical Review
Information
Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences , Volume 38 , Issue 6 , November 2011 , pp. 826 - 838
Copyright
Copyright © The Canadian Journal of Neurological 2011

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