Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T10:27:32.281Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Jean-Martin Charcot's Contributions to the Interface Between Neurology andPsychiatry

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2015

Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract:

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Although much has been written about Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) as a neurologist and his commitment to the hysterics of the Salpetriere, his influence on modern psychiatric thought has been misunderstood. His contributions range from the diagnosis and understanding of certain aspects of hysteria, which influenced psychoanalysis, to insights into the psychopathology of trauma that foreshadow modern concepts of post-traumatic stress disorder and somatoform disorders. This article reviews these aspects in the context of his contributions as a founder of modern neurology, neuropathology and proponent of the anatomo-clinical approach.

Type
Original Articles
Information
Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences , Volume 24 , Issue 3 , August 1997 , pp. 254 - 260
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Neurological Sciences Federation 1997

References

1.Cummings, JL, Hegarty, A. Neurology, psychiatry, and neuropsychiatry. Neurology 1994; 44: 209–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2.Revue Neurologique (Paris) 1994; 150: 485–542.Google Scholar
3.Gasser, J.J.M. Charcot et le système nerveux: Etude de la motricité, du langage, de la mémoire, et de l’hystéie à la fin du XIXe siècle. Thèse de Doctorat. Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, 1990.Google Scholar
4.Goetz, CG, Bonduelle, M, Gelfand, T. Charcot: Constructing Neurology. New York: Oxford University Press; 1995.Google Scholar
5.Gilman, SL, King, H, Porter, R, Rousseau, GS, Showalter, E. Hysteria Beyond Freud. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1993.Google Scholar
6.Shorter, E. From Paralysis to Fatigue: A History of Psychosomatic Illness in the Modern Era. New York: Free Press; 1992.Google Scholar
7.Shorter, E. From the Mind into the Body: The Cultural Origins of Psychosomatic Symptoms. New York: Free Press; 1994.Google Scholar
8.Micale, MS. Approaching Hysteria: Disease and Its Interpretations. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1995.Google Scholar
9.Guillain, G. J.M. Charcot (1825-1893): sa vie-son oeuvre. Paris: Masson; 1955.Google Scholar
10.Salomone, G, Amone, R. Charcot and his drawings: images from “les leçons du mardi à la Salpêtrière 1887–1888”. Ital J Neurol Sci 1994; 15: 203–211.Google Scholar
11.Goetz, CG. Charcot: Scientific Bifrons. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1994; 150: 485–489.Google Scholar
12.Charcot, JM. Sur la claudication intermittente observée dans un cas d’oblitération complète de l’une des artères iliaques primitives. GazMed 1859; 282–286.Google Scholar
13.Charcot, JM. Quelques documents concernant l'historique des gan–grènes diabétiques. Gaz Hebd Med Chir 1861; 5: 539.Google Scholar
14.Charcot, JM. Leçons cliniques sur les maladies des vieillards et les maladies chroniques, recueillies et publiées par B. Bail. Paris: Asselin; 1866.Google Scholar
15.Gasser, J. Charcot et les localisations cérébrales. De l’aphasie à l’am–nésie. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1994; 150: 529–535.Google Scholar
16.Jeannerod, M. La contribution de J.M. Charcot à l’étude des localisa–tions motrices chez l’homme. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1994; 150: 536–542.Google Scholar
17.Lellouch, A. Charcot, Découvreur de Maladies. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1994; 150: 506–510.Google Scholar
18.Charcot, JM, Vulpian, EF. De la paralysie agitante. Gaz Hebd Med Chir 1862; 8: 765–805.Google Scholar
19.Ballet, G. Le domaine de la psychiatrie. La Presse Médicale 1911;May 10, 377–380.Google Scholar
20.Dejerine, J. Clinique des maladies du système nerveux. Leçon inaugu–rale. La Presse Médicale 1911; April 1: 253–259.Google Scholar
21.Guinon, G. A propos de deux travaux récents sur l’hystérie traumatique. La Presse Médicale 1888; Nov. 3: 316–319.Google Scholar
22.Charcot, JM. Sur une nouvelle observation d’aphémie. Gaz Hebd Med Chir 1863; 10: 473–474,525.Google Scholar
23.Bouchard, C. Aphasie sans lésion de la troisième circonvolution frontale gauche. Gaz Med Paris 1864; 489–490.Google Scholar
24.Janet, P. J.M. Charcot: son oeuvre philosophique. Rev Philo 1895; 39: 569–604.Google Scholar
25.Lhermitte, F, Signoret, JL. L’aphasie de JM Charcot à Th. Alajouanine. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1982; 138: 893–919.Google Scholar
26.Ribot, T. Les maladies de la mémoire. Paris: Baillière; 1881.Google Scholar
27.Broca, P. Atrophie cérébrale. Bull Soc Anatomique Paris 1963; 8: 379–401.Google Scholar
28.Brais, B. Jean Martin Charcot and aphasia: treading the line between experimental physiology and pathological anatomy. Brain Language 1993; 45: 511–530.Google Scholar
29.Wundt, W. Grundzge der physiologischen Psychologie. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann; 1873.Google Scholar
30.Veith, I. Hysteria: The History of a Disease. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1965.Google Scholar
31.Briquet, P. Traité clinique et thérapeutique de l’hystérie. Paris: JB Baillière; 1859.Google Scholar
32.Négrier, C. Recueil des faits pour servir à l’histoire des ovaires et des affections hystériques de la femme. Angers: Cosnier & Lachèse; 1858.Google Scholar
33.Charcot, JM. Leçons sur l’hystérie virile. Paris: La boîte de Pandore; 1984.Google Scholar
34.Micale, M. Charcot and the idea of hysteria in the male: gender, mental science, and the medical diagnosis in late nineteenth-century France. Medical History 1990; 34: 363–411.Google Scholar
35.Widlocher, D, Dantchev, N. Charcot et l’hystérie. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1994; 150: 490–497.Google Scholar
36.Widlocher, D. L’hystérie, cent ans après. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1982; 138: 1053–1060.Google Scholar
37.Charcot, JM. Oeuvres complètes de JM Charcot: Leçons sur le sys– tème nerveux, recueillies et publiées par Babinski, Bernard, Féré, Guinon, Marie et Gilles de la Tourette. Paris: Bureaux du Progrès Médical, Lecrosnier et Babé; 1890, vol. 3: 330.Google Scholar
38.Charcot, JM. Oeuvres complètes de JM Charcot: Leçons sur le sys– tème nerveux, recueillies et publiées par Babinski, Bernard, Féré, Guinon, Marie et Gilles de la Tourette. Paris: Bureaux du Progrès Médical, Lecrosnier et Babé; 1890, vol. 3: 340.Google Scholar
39.Orne, MT. On the social psychology of the psychological experiment with particular reference to demand characteristics and their implications. Am Psychol 1962; 17: 776–783.Google Scholar
40.Van Dyck, R, Hoogduin, K. Hypnosis and conversion disorders. Am J Psychotherapy 1989; 43: 480–493.Google Scholar
41.Gowers, W. Epilepsy and other chronic convulsive disorders. London: Churchill; 1881.Google Scholar
42.Massey, EW, McHenry, LC. Hysteroepilepsy in the nineteenth century: Charcot and Gowers. Neurology 1986; 36: 65–67.Google Scholar
43.Babinski, J. Démembrement de l’Hystérie Traditionnelle (Pithiatisme). Paris: Imprimerie de la Semaine Médicale; 1909.Google Scholar
44.Merskey, H. The Analysis of Hysteria. London: Baillière Tindall; 1979.Google Scholar
45.Marie-Cardine, M, Collet, B. L’hystérie. Confrontations Psychiatriques. Paris; 1985.Google Scholar
46.Critchley, EMR, Cantor, HE. Charcot’s hysteria renaissant. Br Med J 1984; 289: 1785–1788.Google Scholar
47.Stevens, H. Is it organic or is it functional: is it hysteria or malingering? Psychiatr Clin North Am 1986; 9: 241–254.Google Scholar
48.Goetz, CG, Bonduelle, M. Charcot as therapeutic interventionist and treating neurologist. Neurology 1995; 45: 2102–2106.Google Scholar
49.Chertok, L. On the centenary of Charcot: hysteria, suggestibility and hypnosis. Br J Med Psychology 1984; 57: 111–120.Google Scholar
50.Charcot, JM. Sur les divers états nerveux déterminés: l’hypnotisation chez les hystériques. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences 1882; 94: 402–405.Google Scholar
51.Kimball, CP, Blindt, K. Some thoughts on conversion. Psychosomatics 1982; 23: 647–649.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52.Ford, CV, Folks, DG. Conversion disorders: an overview. Psychosomatics 1985; 26: 371–383.Google Scholar
53.Hollander, MH. Hysteria: the culture-bound syndromes. Papua New Guinea Med J 1976; 19: 24–29.Google Scholar
54.Mechanic, D. The concept of illness behavior. J Chron Dis 1962; 15: 189–194.Google Scholar
55.Charcot, JM. Oeuvres complètes de JM Charcot: Leçons sur le système nerveux, recueillies et publiées par Babinski, Bernard, Féré, Guinon, Marie et Gilles de la Tourette. Paris: Bureaux du Progrès Médical, Lecrosnier et Babé; 1890, vol. 3: 239.Google Scholar
56.Ron, M. Somatization in neurological practice. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994; 57: 1161–1164.Google Scholar
57.Bass, C, Benjamin, S. The management of chronic somatization. Br J Psychiatry 1993; 162: 472–480.Google Scholar
58.Keane, JR. Hysterical gait disorders: 60 cases. Neurology 1989; 39: 586–589.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59.Hurwitz, TA. Narcosuggestion in chronic conversion symptoms using combined intravenous amobarbital and methylphenidate. Can J Psychiatry 1988; 33: 147–152.Google Scholar
60.Maisami, M, Freeman, JM. Conversion reactions in children as body language: a combined child psychiatry/neurology team approach to the management of functional neurologic disorders in children. Pediatrics 1987; 80: 46–52.Google Scholar
61.Mai, FM. “Hysteria” in clinical neurology. Can J Neurol Sci 1995; 22: 101–110.Google Scholar
62.Maurice-Williams, RS, Marsh, H. Simulated paraplegia: an occasional problem for the neurosurgeon. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985; 48: 826–831.Google Scholar
63.Breuer, J, Freud, S. Studies in Hysteria. New York: Nervous and Mental Diseases Publishing Company; 1956.Google Scholar
64.American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Rev 4th ed). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.Google Scholar
65.Shorter, E. The borderland between neurology and history: conversion reactions. Neurologic Clinics 1995; 13(2): 229–239.Google Scholar
66.Kaplan, HI, Saddock, BJ. Synopsis of Psychiatry. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1991,1994.Google Scholar
67.Lempert, T, Dietrich, M, Huppert, D, Brandt, T. Psychogenic disorders in neurology: frequency and clinical spectrum. Acta Neurol Scand 1990; 82: 335–340.Google Scholar
68.Mardsen, CD. Hysteria, a neurologist’s view. Psychol Med 1986; 16: 277–288.Google Scholar
69.Brisset, C. Hystérie et psychosomatique: les rapports de la structure et de l’histoire. Evol Psychiatr 1970; 377–404.Google Scholar
70.Thorton, EM. Freud and Cocaine: The Freudian Fallacy. London: Blond ’ Briggs; 1983.Google Scholar
71.Kaplan, HI, Saddock, BJ. Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry/VI. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1995.Google Scholar
72.Tomasson, K, Kent, D, Coryel, IW. Somatization and conversion disorders: comorbidity and demographics at presentation. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1991; 84: 288–293.Google Scholar
73.Folks, DG, Ford, CV, Regan, W. Conversion symptoms in a general hospital. Psychosomatics 1984; 25: 285–295.Google Scholar
74.Ziegler, FJ, Imboden, JB, Meyer, E. Contemporary conversion reactions. Am J Psychiatry 1960; 116: 901–910.Google Scholar
75.Galin, D, Diamond, R, Graff, D. Lateralization of conversion symptoms: more frequent on the left. Am J Psychiatry 1977; 134: 578–580.Google Scholar
76. Ludwig, AM. Hysteria: a neurobiologie theory. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1972; 27: 771–777.Google Scholar
77.Whitlock, F. The aetiology of hysteria. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1967; 43: 144–162.Google Scholar
78.Flor-Henry, P, Frown-Augh, D, Tepper, M, et al. A neuropsychological study of the stable syndrome of hysteria. Biol Psychiatry 1981; 16: 601–626.Google Scholar
79.Laplanche, J, Pontalis, JB. Vocabulaire de la Psychanalyse (lière éd.). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France; 1967.Google Scholar
80.Brodie, B. Lectures Illustrative of Certain Local Nervous Affections. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman; 1837.Google Scholar
81.Reynolds, JR. Remarks on paralysis and other disorders of motion and sensation, dependent on idea. Br Med J 1869; 2: 483–485. Discussion, 378–379.Google Scholar
82.Erichsen, JE. On Railway and Other Injuries of the Nervous System. London: Walton & Moberly; 1866.Google Scholar
83.Putnam, J. Recent investigations into the pathology of so-called concussion of the spine. Boston Med Surg J 1883; 109: 217–220.Google Scholar
84.Micale, M. Charcot and les névroses traumatiques: historical and scientific reflections. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1994; 150: 498–505.Google Scholar
85.Charcot, JM. Leçons sur l’hystérie virile. Paris: Le Syncomore, 1984.Google Scholar
86.Oppenheim, H. Die traumatischen Neurosen. Berlin: August Hirschwald; 1889.Google Scholar
87.Barrois, C. Les névroses traumatiques: le psychothérapeute face aux détresses des chocs psychiques. Paris: Dumod; 1988.Google Scholar
88.Charcot, JM. Oeuvres complètes de JM Charcot: leçons sur le système nerveux, recueillies et publiées par Babinski, Bernard, Féré, Guinon, Marie et Gilles de la Tourette. Paris: Bureaux du Progrès Médical, Lecrosnier et Babé; 1890, vol. 3: 451.Google Scholar
89.Lloyd, GG. Acute behaviour disturbances. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993; 56: 1149–1156.Google Scholar
90.Drake, ME. Conversion hysteria and dominant hemisphere lesions. Psychosomatics 1993; 34: 524–530.Google Scholar
91.Eames, P. Hysteria following brain injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992; 55: 1046–1053.Google Scholar
92.Charcot, JM. Oeuvres complètes de JM Charcot: Leçons sur le système nerveux, recueillies et publiées par Babinski, Bernard, Féré, Guinon, Marie et Gilles de la Tourette. Paris: Bureaux du Progrès Médical, Lecrosnier et Babé; 1890 vol. 3: 456.Google Scholar
93.van der Kolk, BA, McFarlane, AC, Weisaeth, L. Traumatic Stress: The Effects of Overwhelming Experience on Mind, Body, and Society. New York: The Guilford Press; 1996.Google Scholar
94.Kardiner, A. The traumatic neuroses of war. In: Psychosomatic Medicine Monograph (I–II). Washington, DC: National Research Council; 1941.Google Scholar
95.Kolb, LC. Neurophysiological hypothesis explaining posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144: 989–995.Google Scholar
96.Southwick, SM, Krystal, JH, Morgan, A, et al. Abnormal noradrenergic function in post-traumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50: 266–274.Google Scholar
97.Pitman, RK, Orr, SP. Twenty-four hour urinary Cortisol and catecholamine excretion in combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1990; 27: 245–247.Google Scholar
98.Yehuda, R, Southwick, SM, Mason, JW, Giller, EL. Interactions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the catecholaminergic system in posttraumatic stress disorder. In: Giller, EL, ed. Biological Assessment and Treatment of PTSD. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1990.Google Scholar
99.Mason, J, Giller, EL, Kosten, TR. Elevated norepinephrine/cortisol ratio in PTSD. J Ment Nerv Dis 1988; 176: 498–502.Google Scholar
100.van der Kolk, BA, van der Hart, O. The intrusive past: the flexibility of memory and the engraving of trauma. Am Imago 1991; 48: 425–454.Google Scholar
101.Bremner, JD, Randall, P, Scott, TM, et al. MRI-based measurement of hippocampal volume in patients with combat-related posttrau¬matic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 973–981.Google Scholar
102. Freud, S. Zur Auffassung der Aphasien, eine kritische Studie. Leipzig and Wien: Deuticke; 1891.Google Scholar
103.Freud, S. Introduction to Psychoanalysis and the War Neuroses. Strachey, J, trans/ed. Standard ed. London: Hogarth Press; 1919/1954. 17: 207–210.Google Scholar
104.Janet, P. The Major Symptoms of Hysteria. New York: MacMillan; 1907.Google Scholar
105.Janet, P. L’automatisme psychologique. Paris: Alean; 1889.Google Scholar
106.Grinker, RR. Treatment of war neuroses. JAMA 1944; 126: 142–145.Google Scholar
107.Wilde, JF. Narco-analysis in the treatment of war neurosis. Br Med J 1942; 2: 4–7.Google Scholar
108.Eder, MD. War-Shock. London: W. Heineman; 1917.Google Scholar
109.MacCurdy, JT. War Neuroses. Cambridge; 1918.Google Scholar