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HIV-1 Associated Dementia: Clinical Features and Pathogenesis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2015

Christopher Power  and
Richard T. Johnson
Christopher Power*
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University. Baltimore
Richard T. Johnson
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University. Baltimore
*
Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, GF 543, Health Sciences Centre. 700 William Street, Winnipeg, Maniboba, Canada R3E 0Z3
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Abstract

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HIV-1 infection is characterized by multiple neurological syndromes occuring at all stages of infection. HIV-1-associated dementia, however, is the most devastating CNS consequence of AIDS because of its poor prognosis and functional impairment. A clinical triad of progressive cognitive decline, motor dysfunction, and behavioural abnormalities typifies this subcortical dementia which eventually affects 15 to 20% of AIDS patients. Neuroimaging, CSF studies and neuropsychological testing are frequently required in diagnosing HIV-associated dementia, to exclude other conditions including psychiatric illnesses, opportunistic diseases and systemic disorders. The pathogenesis of HIV dementia is uncertain and there is evidence that multiple mechanisms of neurological injury occur. These mechanisms include: the role of neurovirulent strains of HIV; the potential neurotoxicity of HIV gp120, nitric oxide and quinolinic acid; immunologically mediated CNS injury through the action of cytokines and arachidonic acid metabolites; and altered blood-brain barrier permeability. A collective approach involving clinical studies, in vitro assays and animal models will provide greater insight into the pathogenesis and the rational development of therapy for HIV dementia.

Type
Review Articles
Information
Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences , Volume 22 , Issue 2 , May 1995 , pp. 92 - 100
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Neurological Sciences Federation 1995

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