Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-16T14:58:18.519Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Early Onset Parkinson's Disease in Saskatchewan - Environmental Considerations for Etiology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2015

A.H. Rajput ,
Ryan J. Uitti ,
W. Stern  and
W. Laverty
A.H. Rajput*
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Department of Academic Computing Services, and Department of Mathematics (Statistics), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
Ryan J. Uitti
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Department of Academic Computing Services, and Department of Mathematics (Statistics), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
W. Stern
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Department of Academic Computing Services, and Department of Mathematics (Statistics), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
W. Laverty
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Department of Academic Computing Services, and Department of Mathematics (Statistics), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
*
University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0X0
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract:

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The cause of idiopathic Parkinson's Disease (PD) is not known but it is believed to be related to some environmental agent(s). Given a long preclinical interval and onset of symptomatology around age 60 years, it becomes impossible to identify and analyze all prior environmental factors satisfactorily. To circumvent these difficulties we evaluated the childhood environment in those PD patients whose symptoms began at age 40 years or earlier. Twenty-one such cases were born and raised in the province of Saskatchewan. Nineteen of these 21 patients spent the first 15 years of life exclusively in rural Saskatchewan. Detailed population analysis indicates a strong predisposition to early onset idiopathic Parkinson's Disease (EPD) in those raised in rural areas (p = 0.0154). All but one case utilized exclusively well water for the first 15 years of life — a trait significantly different from that expected in the provincial population. It is concluded that rural Saskatchewan environments contribute to EPD and that well water used in childhood should be considered as a potential vehicle for the etiological agent.

Type
Original Articles
Information
Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences , Volume 13 , Issue 4 , November 1986 , pp. 312 - 316
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Neurological Sciences Federation 1986

References

1.Rajput, AH, Offord, KP, Beard, CM, Kurland, LT.Epidemiology of parkinsonism: incidence, classification, and mortality. Ann Neurol 1984; 16: 278–282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2.Calne, DB, Langston, JW.Aetiology of Parkinson’s disease. Lancet 1983; 2: 1457–1459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3.Maritila, RJ, Rinne, UK.Clues from the epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease. Proceedings of the VIII International Symposium on Parkinson’s Disease, New York, New York, June 9–12, 1985, p. 9.Google Scholar
4.Lloyd, KG.Neurochemical compensation in Parkinson’s disease. In: Lakke, JPWF, Korf, J, Wesseling, H (eds). Parkinson’s disease concepts and prospects, proceedings of a symposium held at the University of Groningen Jan. 28, 1977, pp 61–72.Google Scholar
5.Marnila, RJ, Rinne, UK, Tiilikainen, A.Virus antibodies in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Sci 1982; 54: 227–238.Google Scholar
6.Ragozzino, MW, Kurland, LT, Rajput, AH.Investigation of the association between Herpes zoster and Parkinson’s disease. Neuroepidemiology 1983; 2: 89–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7.Baumann, RJ, Jameson, HD, McKean, HE, Haack, DG, Weisberg, LM.Cigarette smoking and Parkinson disease: I.a comparison of cases with matched neighbors. Neurology 1980; 30: 839–843.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Godwin-Austen, RB, Lee, PN, Marmot, MG, Stern, GM.Smoking and Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 1982; 45; 577–581.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9.Golbe, LI, Duvoisin, RC.Smoking and Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 1985; 35 (Suppl 1): 275.Google Scholar
10.Haack, DG, Baumann, RJ, McKean, HE, Jameson, HD, Turbek, JA.Nicotine exposure and Parkinson’s disease. Amer J Epidem 1981; 114: 191–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11.Kessler, II, Diamond, EL.Epidemiologic studies of Parkinson’s disease. I. Smoking and Parkinson’s disease: a survey and explanatory hypothesis. Amer J Epidem 1971; 94: 16–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Rajput, AH.Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease. Can J Neurol Sci 1984; 11: 156–159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13.Hoehn, MM, Yahr, MD.Parkinsonism: onset, progression, and mortality. Neurology 1967; 17: 427–442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14.Kessler, II.Parkinson’s disease: perspectives of epidemiology and pathogenesis. Prev Med 1973; 2: 88–105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15.Kurland, LT.Epidemiology: incidence, geographic distribution, and genetic considerations. In: Field, W (ed). Pathogenesis and treatment of parkinsonism. Springfield, Illinois, Charles C Thomas, 1985, pp 5–43.Google Scholar
16.Maritila, RJ, Rinne, UK.Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease — an overview. J Neural Transm 1981; 51: 135–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Harada, H, Nishikawa, S, Takahashi, K.Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease in a Japanese city. Arch Neurol 1983; 40: 151–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18.Zetusky, WJ, Jankovic, J, Pirozzolo, FJ.The heterogeneity of Parkinson’s disease: clinical and prognostic implications. Neurology 1985; 35: 522–526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19.Rajput, AH, Stern, W, Christ, A, Laverty, W.Etiology of Parkinson’s disease: environmental factor(s). Neurology 1984; 34 (Suppl 1): 207.Google Scholar
20.Rajput, AH, Uitti, RJ, Stern, W, Laverty, W.Relationship between early onset Parkinson’s disease and country living. Adv in Neurology (In press).Google Scholar
21.Rajput, AH, Stern, W, Laverty, WH.Chronic low-dose levodopa therapy in Parkinson’s disease: an argument for delaying levodopa therapy. Neurology 1984; 34: 991–996.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22.Houston, CS, Fedoruk, SO.Saskatchewan’s role in radiotherapy research. Can Med Assoc J 1985; 132: 854–864.Google ScholarPubMed
23.Duvoisin, RC, Eldridge, R, Williams, A, Nutt, J, Calne, D.Twin study of Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 1981; 31: 77–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24.Ward, CD, Duvoisin, RC, Ince, SE, Nutt, JD, Eldridge, R, Calne, DB.Parkinson’s disease in 65 pairs of twins and in a set of quadruplets. Neurology 1983; 33: 815–824.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25.Poskanzer, DC, Schwab, RS.Cohort analysis of Parkinson’s syndrome evidence for a single etiology related to sub clinical infection about 1920. J Chronic Dis 1963; 16: 961–973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26.Davis, GC, Williams, AC, Markey, SP, et al. Chronic parkinsonism secondary to intravenous injection of meperidine analogues. Psychiat Res 1979; 1: 249–254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27.Langston, JW, Ballard, P, Tetrud, JW, Irwin, I.Chronic parkinsonism in humans due to a product of meperidine-analog synthesis. Science 1983; 219: 979–980.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28.Kolata, G.Monkey model of Parkinson’s disease. Science 1983; 220: 705.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29.Williams, A.MPTP parkinsonism. Brit Med J 1984; 289: 1401–1402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30.Burns, RS, LeWitt, PA, Ebert, MH, Pakkenberg, H, Kopin, IJ.The clinical syndrome of striatal dopamine deficiency: parkinsonism induced by l-methyl-4-phenyl-l, 2, 3, 6-tetra-hydropyridine (MPTP). NEJM 1985; 312: 1418–1421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31.Clough, CG, Mendoza, M, Yahr, MD.A case of sporadic juvenile Parkinson’s disease. Arch Neurol 1981; 38: 730–731.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32.Naidu, S, Wolfson, LI, Sharpless, NS.Juvenile parkinsonism: a patient with possible primary striatal dysfunction. Ann Neurol 1978; 3: 453–455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33.Rajput, AH, Rozdilsky, B, Hornykiewicz, O, Shannak, K, Lee, T, Seeman, P.Reversible drug-induced parkinsonism clinicopatho-logic study of two cases. Arch Neurol 1982; 39: 644–646.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34.Rosati, G, Granieri, E, Pinna, L, Aiello, I, Tola, R, DeBastiani, P, Pirisi, A, Devoto, MC.The risk of Parkinson Disease in Mediterranean people. Neurology 1980; 30: 250–255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35.Sachdev, KK, Singh, N, Krishnamoorthy, MS.Juvenile parkinsonism treated with levodopa. Arch Neurol 1977; 34: 244–245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36.Uitti, RJ, Rajput, AH, Ashenhurst, EM, Rozdilsky, B.Cyanide induced parkinsonism: a clinicopathologic report. Neurology 1985; 35: 921–925.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37.Barbeau, A, Roy, M.Genetic susceptibility, environmental factors and Parkinson’s Disease. Proceedings of the VIII International Symposium on Parkinson’s Disease, New York, New York, June 9–12, 1985, p 13.Google Scholar
38.Tanner, CM.Well water drinking and Parkinson’s disease. Proceedings of the VIII International Symposium on Parkinson’s Disease, New York, New York, June 9–12, 1985, p 11.Google Scholar
39.Tanner, CM.Influence of environmental factors on the onset of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Neurology 1986; 36 (Suppl 1): 215.Google Scholar