Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T12:56:50.301Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

On Null Subjects and Null Arguments

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 June 2016

Paul Law*
Affiliation:
Université du Québec à Montréal

Extract

In the literature on Null Subject Languages (NSLs) since Rizzi (1982), the three properties that are commonly thought to be connected are (i) the richness of inflectional morphology, (ii) free subject inversion, and (iii) the COMP-trace effect. The connection between them is that if a language (e.g., Italian) has the option of having a null subject (NS) pronominal pro in subject position (i.e., SpecIP) as a result of having rich inflectional (i.e., verbal agreement) morphology, as represented in (1a), then the same element may appear in the same position in cases of subjects occurring postverbally as in (1b) and in cases of long-distance subject extraction where the postverbal trace is properly governed by the verb, as in (1c):

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Linguistic Association 1986

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aoun, Joseph 1978 Toward a Unified Theory of Case Marking and Clitic Placement. Ms.Google Scholar
Bayer, Josef 1984 COMP in Bavarian. Linguistic Review 3:209274.Google Scholar
Belletti, Adriana 1988 A Case of Unaccusative. Linguistic Inquiry 19:134.Google Scholar
Bennis, Hans 1986 Gaps and Dummies. Dordrecht: Foris. Google Scholar
Bonet, Eulalia 1988 Subjects in Catalan. Ms.Google Scholar
Borer, Hagit 1984 Parametric Syntax. Dordrecht: Foris. Google Scholar
Borer, Hagit 1986 I-Subjects. Linguistic Inquiry 17:375416.Google Scholar
Brandi, Luciana, and Cordin, Patricia 1989 Two Italian Dialects and the Null Subject Parameter. Pp. 111142 in The Null Subject Parameter. Jaeggli, Osvaldo and Safir, Kenneth J., eds. Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar
Burzio, Luigi 1986 Italian Syntax. Dordrecht: Reidel.Google Scholar
Cadely, Jean-Robert 1990 Domaine prosodique d’une règle de sandhi externe et cliticisation des éléments fonctionnels du créole haïtien. Ms.Google Scholar
Cantel, R. 1968 Précis de grammaire portugaise. Cinquième édition. Paris: Librairie Vuibert. Google Scholar
Chao, Wynn 1980 Pro-drop Languages and Nonobligatory Control. University of Mas sachusetts Occasional Papers in Linguistics 7:4674.Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam 1977 On WH movement. Pp. 71132 in Formal Syntax. Culicover, Peter, Wasow, Thomas, and Akmakjian, Adrian, eds. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam 1981 Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris.Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam 1982 Some Concepts and Consequences of the Theory of Government and Binding. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam 1986 Barriers. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam 1989 Some Notes on the Economy of Derivation and Representation. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 10:4374.Google Scholar
Chung, Sandra 1984 Identifiablity and Null Objects in Chamorro. Pp. 116130 in Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistic Society. Brugman, Claudia and Macaulay, Monica, eds. Berkeley Linguistic Society.Google Scholar
Cole, Peter 1987 Null Objects in Universal Grammar. Linguistic Inquiry 18:597612.Google Scholar
Degraff, Michel 1992 Is Haitian Creole a Pro-drop Language? Pp. 122 in Travaux de recherche sur le créole haïtien 11. Haitian and Null Subject Languages. Lefebvre, Claire and Law, Paul, eds. Montreal: Université du Québec.Google Scholar
den Besten, Hans 1983 On the Interaction of Root Transformations and Lexical Deletive Rules. Pp. 43131 in On the Formal Syntax of Westgermania. Abraham, W., ed. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Déprez, Viviane 1992 Is Haitian Creole Really a Pro-drop Language? Pp. 2340 in Travaux de recherche sur le créole haïtien 11. Haitian and Null Subject Languages. Lefebvre, Claire and Law, Paul, eds. Montreal: Université du Québec.Google Scholar
Evans, Gareth 1980 Pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry 11:337362.Google Scholar
Fukui, Naoki, and Speas, Margaret 1986 Specifiers and Projection. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 8:128172.Google Scholar
Haegeman, Liliane 1992 Generative Syntax: Theory and Description: A Case Study from West Flemish. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Huang, C.T. James 1984 On the Distribution and Reference of Empty Pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry 15:531574.Google Scholar
Huang, C.T. James 1987 Remarks on Empty Categories in Chinese. Linguistic Inquiry 18:321 337.Google Scholar
Huang, C.T. James 1989 Pro-Drop in Chinese: A Generalized Control Theory. Pp. 185214 in The Null Subject Parameter. Jaeggli, Osvaldo and Safir, Kenneth J., eds. Dordrecht: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaeggli, Osvaldo 1986 Three Issues in the Theory of Clitics. Pp. 1542 in Syntax and Semantics 19. Borer, Hagit, ed. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Jaeggli, Osvaldo A., , and Safir, Kenneth J. 1989 The Null Subject Parameter and Parametric Theory. Pp. 144 in The Null Subject Parameter. Jaeggli, Osvaldo and Safir, Kenneth J., eds. Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar
Kayne, Richard S. 1975 French Syntax: The Transformational Cycle. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Google Scholar
Kayne, Richard S. 1981 Two Notes on the NIC. Pp. 317348 in Theory of Markedness in Generative Grammar. Belletti, Adriana, Brandi, Luciana, and Rizzi, Luigi, eds. Proceedings of the 1979 GLOW conference. Pisa: Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa.Google Scholar
Kayne, Richard S. 1983 Chains, Categories External to S, and French Complex Inversion. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 1:107139.Google Scholar
Kitagawa, Yoshihisa 1986 Subjects in Japanese and English. PhD thesis, University of Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Koopman, Hilda 1984 Syntax of Verbs. Dordrecht: Foris. Google Scholar
Koopman, Hilda, and Sportiche, Dominique 1985 θ-theory and Extraction. Abstract in GLOW Newsletter, number 14, Department of Language and Literature, Tilburg University.Google Scholar
Koopman, Hilda, and Sportiche, Dominique 1988 Subjects. Ms.Google Scholar
Kuroda, Shige-Yuki 1986 Whether We Agree or Not: Rough Ideas About the Comparative Grammar of English and Japanese. Ms.Google Scholar
Law, Paul 1991a Verb Movement, Expletive Replacement, and Head-Government. Linguistic Review 8:253285.Google Scholar
Law, Paul 1991b Verb Movement and Clause Structure in Welsh. In the Proceedings of the 1991 Western Conference on Linguistics. Google Scholar
Law, Paul 1991c Effects of Head-Movement on Theories of Subjacency and Proper Government. PhD thesis, MIT Google Scholar
Law, Paul 1992a What is a Null Subject Language? Pp. 4158 in Travaux de recherche sur le créole haïtien 11. Haitian and Null Subject Languages. Lefebvre, Claire and Law, Paul, eds. Montreal: Université du Québec. Google Scholar
Law, Paul 1992b Extraction du sujet en haïtien. MsGoogle Scholar
Li, Charles, and Sandra, Thompson 1981 Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press. Google Scholar
Manzini, Rita 1987 Phrase Structure, Extraction and Binding. Ms.Google Scholar
Massam, Diane, and Roberge, Yves 1989 Recipe Context Null Objects in English. Linguistic Inquiry 20:134 139.Google Scholar
Milsark, Gary 1974 Existential Sentences in English. PhD thesis, MIT.Google Scholar
Moreau, Marie-Louise 1971 L’homme queje crois qui est venu: que, qui relatifs et conjonctions. Langue française 11:7790.Google Scholar
Perlmutter, David 1971 Deep and Surface Structure Constraints in Syntax. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. Google Scholar
Perlmutter, David 1976 Evidence for Subject Downgrading in Portuguese. Pp. 93138 in Readings in Portuguese Linguistics. Schmidt-Radefeldt, Jürgen, ed. Amsterdam: North-Holland. Google Scholar
Pesetsky, David 1982 Complementizer-Trace Phenomena and the Nominative Island Conditions. Linguistic Review 1:297343.Google Scholar
Platzack, Christer 1987 The Scandinavian Languages and the Null Subject Parameter. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 5:377402.Google Scholar
Reuland, Eric, and Meulen, Alice ter 1987 The Representation of (In)Definites. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Google Scholar
Rizzi, Luigi 1982 Issues in Italian Syntax. Dordrecht: Foris.Google Scholar
Rizzi, Luigi 1986a On the Status of Subject Clitics in Romance. Pp. 391419 in Studies in Romance Linguistics. Jaeggli, Osvaldo and Silva-Corvalén, Carmen, eds. Dordrecht: Foris. Google Scholar
Rizzi, Luigi 1986b Null Objects in Italian and the Theory of pro . Linguistic Inquiry 17:501557.Google Scholar
Rizzi, Luigi 1990 Relativized Minimality. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Google Scholar
Roberge, Yves 1990 The Syntactic Recoverability of Null Arguments. Kingston and Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press. Google Scholar
Ross, John Robert 1967 Constraints on Variables in Syntax. PhD thesis, MIT.Google Scholar
Rouveret, Alain 1980 Sur la notion de proposition finie: governement et inversion. Langages 60:75107.Google Scholar
Rouveret, Alain, and Vergnaud, Jean-Roger 1980 Specifying Reference to the Subject: French Causatives and Conditions on Representations. Linguistic Inquiry 11:97202.Google Scholar
Sadler, Louisa 1988 Welsh Syntax: A Government and Binding Approach. London: Croom Helm. Google Scholar
Safir, Kenneth 1985 Missing Subjects in German. Pp. 193231 in Studies in German Grammar. Toman, Jindřich, ed. Dordrecht: Foris. Google Scholar
Safir, Kenneth 1986 Subject Clitics and NOM-Drop Parameter. Pp. 333356 in Syntax and Semantics 19. Borer, Hagit, ed. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Sterlin, Marie-Denise 1989 Les caractéristiques de pou: Un modal en position de complémenteur. Revue québécoise de linguistique 18:131147.Google Scholar
Sternefeld, Wolgang 1989 V-Movement, Extractions from V/2-Clauses, and the ECP. Arbeitspapier Nr. 14, Fachgruppe Sprachwissenschaft. Universität Konstanz.Google Scholar
Taraldsen, Knut Tarald 1980 On the NIC, Vacuous Application and That-t Effect. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistic Club.Google Scholar
Taraldsen, Knut Tarald 1992. Subject/Verb Agreement and Word Order in Celtic and Romance. Paper read at the 23rd annual meeting of the Northeast Linguistic Society; Ottawa.Google Scholar
Thráinsson, Höskuldur 1979 On Complementation in Icelandic. New York: Garland. Google Scholar
Torrego, Esther 1984 On Inversion in Spanish and Some of its Effects. Linguistic Inquiry 15:103129.Google Scholar
Vinet, Marie-Thérèse 1989 Observations théoriques sur les explétifs: le cas du créole haïtien. Revue québécoise de linguistique 20:195214.Google Scholar
Xu, Liejiong, and Langandoen, Terrence 1985 Topic Structures in Chinese. Language 61:127.Google Scholar
Zaenen, Annie 1980 Extraction Rules in Icelandic. New York: Garland. Google Scholar
Zubizaretta, Maria-Louisa 1982 Theoretical Implications of Subject Extraction in Portuguese. Linguistic Review 2:7996.Google Scholar