¹ Kendra Coulter, “Women, Poverty Policy, and the Production of Neoliberal Politics in Ontario, Canada” (2009) 30 Journal of Women, Politics and Policy 23.

² Rice, James J. and Prince, Michael J., Changing Politics of Canadian Social Policy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000) at 234.Google Scholar

³ Gender Equality Policy and Tools: CIDA’s Policy on Gender Equality, rev. ed. (Gatineau, QC: Canadian International Development Agency, 2010).

⁴ Guest, Dennis T., “The Colonial Inheritance,” in The Emergence of Social Security in Canada (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1980).Google Scholar

⁵ Scheweinitz, Karl De, “The Law of Settlement,” chap. VI in England’s Road to Social Security: From the Statute of Laborers in 1349 to the Beveridge Report of 1942 (New York: A. S. Barnes & Co., 1943).Google Scholar

⁶ Supra note 4 at 10.

⁷ Karl De Scheweinitz, “The Employment of the Unemployed,” chap. VI in England’s Road to Social Security, supra note 5.

⁸ Moscovitch, Allan, Welfare State in Canada: Selected Bibliography, 1840–1978 (Waterloo, ON: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 1983) at 16.Google Scholar

⁹ Ibid.

¹⁰ Cleverdon, Catherine Lyle, The Woman Suffrage Movement in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1950).Google Scholar

¹¹ Supra note 8 at 17.

¹² Shelley A. M. Gavigan and Dorothy Chunn, “From Mothers Allowance to Mothers Need Not Apply: Canadian Welfare Law as Liberal and Neoliberal Reforms” (2007) 45 Osgoode Hall L.J. 733.

¹³ Supra note 10 at 15.

¹⁴ Friendly, Martha and Hennessy, Trish, The Path to Better Childcare in Ontario (Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, 2012)Google Scholar, http://www.policyalternatives.ca/publications/reports/path-better-child-care-ontario.

¹⁵ Ibid.

¹⁶ Timpson, Annis May, Driven Apart: Women’s Employment Equality and Childcare in Canadian Public Policy (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2001) at 14.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Ibid.

¹⁸ Willard, Joseph W., “Family Allowances in Canada 1961,” in Children’s Allowances and the Economic Welfare of Children: The Report of a Conference, ed. Burns, E. M. (New York: Citizens Committee for Children of New York Inc., 1968).Google Scholar

¹⁹ Rianne Mahon, “Child Care As Citizenship Right? Toronto in the 1970s and 1980s” (2005) 86:2 Can. Hist. Rev. at 288.

²⁰ Messerschmidt, James W., Capitalism, Patriarchy, and Crime: Toward a Socialist Feminist Criminology (Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield, 1986).Google Scholar

²¹ Supra note 16 at 16.

²² Doherty, Gillian, Friendly, Martha, and Oloman, Mab, Women’s Support, Women’s Work: Child Care in an Era of Deficit Reduction, Devolution, Downsizing and Deregulation (Ottawa: Status of Women Canada, 1998) at 32.Google Scholar

²³ Ibid.

²⁴ Supra note 19 at 289.

²⁵ Supra note 16 at 16.

²⁶ Pierson, Ruth Roach, They’re Still Women After All: The Second World War and Canadian Womanhood (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1986).Google Scholar

²⁷ Stephanie Bernstein, Marie-Josée Dupuis, and Guylaine Vallée, “Beyond Formal Equality: Closing the Gender Gap in a Changing Labour Market—A Study of Legislative Solutions Adopted in Canada” (2009) 15:4 J. Legis. Stud. 481.

²⁸ Shirley Tillotson, “Human Rights Law as a Prism: Women’s Organizations, Unions, and Ontario’s Female Employees Fair Remuneration Act, 1951” (1991) 72:4 Can. Hist. Rev. 532.

²⁹ Ruth A. Frager and Carmela Patrias, “Human Rights Activists and the Question of Sex Discrimination in Postwar Ontario” (2012) 93:4 Can. Hist. Rev. 583.

³⁰ Supra note 16 at 35.

³¹ Supra note 19 at 286.

³² Ibid.

³³ Supra note 12 at 734.

³⁴ Supra note 16.

³⁵ Supra note 12 at 749.

³⁶ Lightman, Ernie, Social Policy in Canada (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003) at 119.Google Scholar

³⁷ Lamarsh, Judy, Minister of Health and Welfare, quoted in James Struthers, The Limits of Affluence: Welfare in Ontario 1920–1970 (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1994) at 233.Google Scholar

³⁸ Supra note 12.

³⁹ Ibid. at 27.

⁴⁰ Supra note 36.

⁴¹ Supra note 19 at 287.

⁴² Ibid. at 291.

⁴³ Supra note 22 at 3.

⁴⁴ Ibid.

⁴⁵ Supra note 2.

⁴⁶ Ibid.

⁴⁷ Supra note 16 at 35.

⁴⁸ Supra note 19 at 291.

⁴⁹ Friendly, Martha, Child Care Policy in Canada: Putting the Pieces Together (Don Mills, Ontario: Addison-Wesley, 1994) at 143.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Boyd, Susan B., “Looking Beyond Tyabji: Employed Mothers, Lifestyles, and Child Custody Law,” in Race Space and the Law, ed. Razack, Sherene H. (Toronto: Between the Lines Press, 2002) at 272.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Ibid.

⁵² Supra note 12 at 735.

⁵³ Supra note 22 at 10.

⁵⁴ Dorothy E. Chunn and Shelley A. M. Gavigan, “Welfare Law, Welfare Fraud and the Moral Regulation of the ‘Never Deserving Poor’” (2004) 13:2 Soc. & Legal Stud. at 233.

⁵⁵ Dean Herd, “Rhetoric and Retrenchment: ‘Common Sense’ Welfare Reform in Ontario” (2002) 34:10 Benefits at 106.

⁵⁶ Supra note 54 at 232 (italics added).

⁵⁷ Ibid. at 233.

⁵⁸ Yalnizyan, Armine, Canada’s Commitment to Equality: A Gender Analysis of the Last Ten Federal Budgets (1995–2004) (Ottawa: Canadian Feminist Alliance for International Action FAFIA, 2005) at 6.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Human Resources Development Canada, Status of Day Care in Canada, 1993 (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1994).

⁶⁰ Courchene, Thomas J., Accountability and Federalism in the Era of Federal Surpluses: The Paul Martin Legacy Part II (Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 2006) at 16.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Supra note 58.

⁶² Ontario Ministry of Community and Social Services, Improving Ontario’s Child Care System: Ontario’s child Care Review (Toronto: Queen’s Printer for Ontario, 1996).

⁶³ Supra note 22 at 9.

⁶⁴ Ibid.

⁶⁵ Ibid.

⁶⁶ Beach, Jane, Friendly, Martha, Ferns, Carolyn, Prabhu, Nina, and Forer, Barry, Early Childhood Education and Care in Canada, 8th ed. (Toronto: CRRU, 2009).Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Tougas, Jocelyn, Reforming Quebec’s Early Childhood Care and Education: The First Five Years (Toronto: Childcare Resource and Research Unit, 2002).Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Linda A. White and Martha Friendly, “Public Funding, Private Delivery: States, Markets and Early Childhood Education and Care in Liberal Welfare States—A Comparison of Australia, the UK, Quebec and New Zealand” (2012) 14:4 J. Comp. Pol’y Analysis at 303.

⁶⁹ Jenson, Jane, “Rolling Out or Backtracking on Quebec’s Childcare System? Ideology Matters,” in Public Policy for Women in Canada: The State, Income Security and Labour Market Issues, eds. Cohen, Marjorie Griffin and Pulkingham, Jane (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009) 50–70.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Supra note 66 at 184.

⁷¹ Supra note 69.

⁷² Susan Prentice, “High Stakes: The ‘Investable’ Child and the Economic Reframing of Childcare” (2009) 34:3 Journal of Women in Culture and Society 687.

⁷³ Ibid.

⁷⁴ Pierre Levebvre, Philip Merrigan, and Matthieu Verstraete, “Dynamic Labour Supply Effects of Childcare Subsidies: Evidence from a Canadian Natural Experiment on Low-Fee Universal Childcare” (2009) 16 Lab. Econ. 490.

⁷⁵ Christa Japel, Richard E. Tremblay, and Sylvana Cote, “Quality Counts! Assessing the Quality of Daycare Services Based on the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development” (2005) 11:5 Institute for Research on Public Policy 1.

⁷⁶ Mitchell, Linda, Wylie, Cathy, and Carr, Margaret, Outcomes of Early Childhood Education: Literature Review, Report to the Ministry of Education of the Government of New Zealand (Wellington: Ministry of Education, 2008) at 7.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ Ontario Ministry of Community and Social Services, Making Welfare Work: Report to Taxpayers on Welfare Reform (Toronto: M.C.S.S., 2000), http://www.gov.on.ca/css/page/brochure/makingwelfarework.html.

⁷⁸ Supra note 54 at 233.

⁷⁹ Lalonde, Linda, “Tory Welfare Policies: A View from the Inside,” in Open for Business, Closed for People: Mike Harris’s Ontario, eds. Ralph, Dianaet al. (Halifax, NS: Fernwood, 1997) at 92–102.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ Supra note 54 at 233.

⁸¹ Veldhuis, Niels, Clemens, Jason, and Palacios, Milagros, Budget Blueprint: How Lessons from Canada’s 1995 Budget Can Be Applied Today (Vancouver: The Fraser Institute, 2011) at 6.Google Scholar

⁸² Supra note 58.

⁸³ Ibid.

⁸⁴ Supra note 60.

⁸⁵ Supra note 58.

⁸⁶ Ibid.

⁸⁷ Supra note 81.

⁸⁸ Cool, Julie, Child Care in Canada: The Federal Role, Political and Social Affairs Division (Ottawa: Parliamentary Information and Research Services, 2007).Google Scholar

⁸⁹ Supra note 19.

⁹⁰ Cooke, Katieet al., Report of the Task Force on Child Care (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1986) at 21.Google Scholar

⁹¹ Supra note 54 at 231.

⁹² Ibid.

⁹³ Abella, Rosalie S., Equality in Employment: A Royal Commission Report (Ottawa: Royal Commission on Equality and Employment, 1984) at 178.Google Scholar

⁹⁴ Supra note 58.

⁹⁵ Baillargeon, Denyse, “Indispensable But Not a Citizen: The Housewife in the Great Depression,” in Contesting Canadian Citizenship: Historical Readings, eds. Adamoski, R., Chunn, D. E., and Menzies, R. (Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2002) 179.Google Scholar

⁹⁶ Supra note 14.

⁹⁷ Centralized waiting list for licensed childcare services (expected wait times, City of Ottawa, November 27, 2012).

⁹⁸ Patti T. Lenard and Christine Straehle, “Temporary Labour Migration: Exploitation, Tool of Development, or Both?” (2010) 29:4 Policy and Society 283; Ping-Chun Hsiung and Catherine Nichol, “Policies on and Experiences of Foreign Domestic Workers in Canada” (2010) 4:9 Sociology Compass 766.

⁹⁹ Kendra Coulter, “Women, Poverty Policy, and the Production of Neoliberal Politics in Ontario, Canada” (2009) 30 Journal of Women, Politics and Policy 23.

¹⁰⁰ Brown, Amy, Work First: How to Implement an Employment-Focused Approach to Welfare Reform, ReWORKing Welfare (New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation, 1997).Google Scholar

¹⁰¹ LaDonna Pavetti and Gregory Acs, “Moving Up, Moving Out, or Going Nowhere? A Study of the Employment Patterns of Young Women and the Implications for Welfare Mothers” (2001) 20:4 Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 721.

¹⁰² Chris M. Herbst and Erdal Tekin, “Do Child Care Subsidies Influence Mothers’ Decision to Invest in Human Capital?” (2011) 30 Economics of Education Review at 911.

¹⁰³ Email response from subsidy application support specialist Jocelyn des Riviers, Children’s Services Unit, Child Care Subsidy Section, Ottawa, 2012; Jessica Eritou, “Graduate Students Denied Childcare Assistance,” Leveller, January 25, 2013.

¹⁰⁴ Supra note 102.

¹⁰⁵ Min Zhan, “Economic Mobility of Single Mothers: The Role of Asset and Human Capital Development” (2006) 33 J. Soc. & Soc. Welfare 127.

¹⁰⁶ Supra note 22.

¹⁰⁷ Supra note 24.