¹ Participants' names have been changed to pseudonyms to ensure anonymity.

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³ Comack, Elizabeth, Women in Trouble: Connecting Women's Law Violations to Their Histories of Abuse (Halifax: Fernwood Publishing, 1996)Google Scholar; Hannah-Moffat, Kelly, “Reforming the Prison: Rethinking Our Ideals,” in An Ideal Prison? Critical Essays on Women's Imprisonment in Canada, ed. Hannah-Moffat, Kelly and Shaw, Margaret (Halifax: Fernwood Publishing, 2000), 30Google Scholar; Maidment, MaDonna, Doing Time on the Outside: Deconstructing the Benevolent Community (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁷ Correctional Service Canada [CSC], Community Strategy for Women Offenders (Ottawa: CSC, 2002)Google Scholar; Public Safety Canada [PSC], Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview (Ottawa: PWGSC, 2007)Google Scholar.

⁸ All rates in this section refer to CSC's 2006–2007 fiscal year. PSC, Corrections and Conditional Release.

⁹ CSC, Organization, http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/organi-eng.shtml; Hannah-Moffat, Kelly, “Empowering Risk: The Nature of Gender Responsive Strategies,” in Criminalizing Women:, ed. Balfour, Gillian and Comack, Elizabeth (Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing, 2006), 250Google Scholar; Kilty, “Under the Barred Umbrella.”

¹⁰ CSC, Community Strategy.

¹¹ Maidment, Doing Time on the Outside.

¹² Comack, Women in Trouble.

¹³ Maidment, Doing Time on the Outside; O'Brien, Patricia, “‘Just Like Baking a Cake’: Women Describe the Necessary Ingredients for Successful Reintegration after Incarceration,” Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services 82 (2001), 287CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹⁶ Maidment, Doing Time on the Outside.

¹⁷ Ibid.; CSC, Community Strategy.

¹⁸ Holtfreter et al., “Poverty, State Capital and Recidivism”; Severance, Theresa, “Concerns and Coping Strategies of Women Inmates Concerning Release: ‘It's going to take somebody in my corner,’” Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 38, 4 (2004), 73CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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²¹ Maidment, Doing Time on the Outside; Pollack, Shoshana, “Dependency Discourse as Social Control,” in An Ideal Prison? Critical Essays on Women's Imprisonment in Canada, ed. Hannah-Moffat, Kelly and Shaw, Margaret (Halifax: Fernwood Publishing, 2000), 72Google Scholar.

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²⁷ Comack, Women in Trouble; Hannah-Moffat, “Re-forming the Prison.“

²⁸ Foucault, Michel, “The Subject and Power,” Critical Inquiry 8 (1982)Google Scholar; Garland, David, “Governmentality and the Problem of Crime,” Theoretical Criminology 1 (1997), 173–214CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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³⁰ Foucault, “The Subject and Power.”

³¹ Garland, “Governmentality.”

³² Hannah-Moffat, “Re-forming the Prison”; Hannah-Moffat, “Empowering Risk”; Kilty, “Under the Barred Umbrella”; Kilty, “Resisting Confined Identities”; Snider, Laureen, “Constituting the Punishable Woman,” British Journal of Criminology 43 (2003), 354CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Task Force on Federally Sentenced Women [TFFSW], Creating Choices: The Report of the Task Force on Federally Sentenced Women (Ottawa: PWGSC, 1990)Google Scholar.

³³ Codd, Helen, “Older Women, Criminal Justice, and Women's Studies,” Women's Studies International Forum 21, 2 (1998), 187CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Faith, Karlene, Unruly Women: The Politics of Confinement and Resistance (Vancouver: Press Gang Publishers, 1993)Google Scholar; Hannah-Moffat, “Empowering Risk”; Kilty, “Resisting Confined Identities”; Kilty, Jennifer M. and Frigon, Sylvie, “Karla Homolka: From a Woman in Danger to a Dangerous Woman—Chronicling the Shifts,” Women and Criminal Justice 17, 4 (2007), 37CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Pollack, “Dependency Discourse”; Snider, “Constituting the Punishable Woman.”

³⁴ TFFSW, Creating Choices, 108, 109, 110, 111Google Scholar.

³⁵ CSC, Community Strategy.

³⁶ Ibid.

³⁷ Ibid.

³⁸ Maidment, Doing Time on the Outside.

³⁹ Harding, Sandra, The Science Question in Feminism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986), 141–42Google Scholar.

⁴⁰ DeVault, Marjorie, “Talking Back to Sociology: Dinstinctive Contributions of Feminist Methodology,” Annual Review of Sociology 22 (1996), 29–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴¹ Harding, The Science Question.

⁴² Cohen, Stanley, Visions of Social Control: Crime, Punishment and Classification (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1985)Google Scholar; Garland, Culture of Control; Kilty, “Resisting Confined Identities”; Maidment, Doing Time on the Outside.

⁴³ Kilty, “Resisting Confined Identities”; Maidment, Doing Time on the Outside.

⁴⁴ Lowman, John, Menzies, Robert J., and Palys, T.S., Transcarceration: Essays in the Sociology of Social Control (Aldershot, UK: Gower, 1987), 9Google Scholar, quoted in Maidment, , Doing Time on the Outside, 269Google Scholar. Maidment's term “transcarceral” is derived from Lowman et al's “transcarceration.”

⁴⁵ Garland, Culture of Control.

⁴⁶ CSC, Community Strategy.

⁴⁷ In addition to the interviews conducted for research reflected in this article, the larger project included interviews with male ex-prisoners (n = 22); professionals working with men (n = 5); and partners of the male ex-prisoners (n = 4). A different researcher was responsible for the interviews with and about male ex-prisoners.

⁴⁸ CSC, Implementing the Life Line Concept: Report of the Task Force on Long Term Offenders (Ottawa: CSC, 1998)Google Scholar.

⁴⁹ See Wahidin, Older Women in the Criminal Justice System; Maidment, Doing Time on the Outside.

⁵⁰ Although our specific sample was small, we believe that the 31 interviews conducted with the male sample (including partners and professionals) justified using NVivo for the data analysis.

⁵¹ New Oxford Dictionary of English (2001 ed.), s.v. “Dislocation.”

⁵² Wahidin, Older Women in the Criminal Justice System.

⁵³ Hamelin, Monique, Femmes et prison (Montréal: Éditions du Méridien, 1989)Google Scholar.

⁵⁴ Ibid.; Azrini, Wahidin and Moss, Dot, “Women Doing and Making Time: Reclaiming Time,” International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 24, 6 (2004), 76Google Scholar.

⁵⁵ Faith, Unruly Women; Maidment, Doing Time on the Outside; OAG Report; Shaw, Release Study.

⁵⁶ Kilty, “Resisting Confined Identities.”

⁵⁷ “Je n'étais pas capable d'aller au restaurant, au restaurant il y avail trop de monde, les centres d'achats, il y avaient trop de monde, non je suis restée chez ma belle-mère ou j'allai s chez mon père, j'allai s chez du monde, j'étai s pas capable d'aller à des places ou il y avail trop de monde.”

⁵⁸ Wahidin, , Older Women in the Criminal Justice System, 69–70Google Scholar.

⁵⁹ Martel, Joane, “To Be, One Has to Be Somewhere: Spatio-temporality in Prison Segregation,” British Journal of Criminology 46 (2006), 587CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁶⁰ Ibid.

⁶¹ Aday, Ron, Aging Prisoners: Crisis in American Corrections (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003)Google Scholar; Martel, “One Has to Be Somewhere”; Wahidin, Older Women in the Criminal Justice System.

⁶² Wahidin, ibid.

⁶³ Ibid.; Maidment, Doing Time on the Outside.

⁶⁴ Comack, Women in Trouble; O'Brien, “Just Like Baking a Cake”; Richie, “Challenges Incarcerated Women Face”; Severance, “Concerns and Coping Strategies”; Uggen et al., “Less Than the Average Citizen.”

⁶⁵ Hannah-Moffat, “Empowering Risk.”

⁶⁶ Shaw, Release Study; TFFSW, Creating Choices.

⁶⁷ Holtfreter et al., “Poverty, State Capital and Recidivism”; Maidment, Doing Time on the Outside; Richie, “Challenges Incarcerated Women Face.”

⁶⁸ Comack, Women in Trouble; Richie, “Challenges Incarcerated Women Face”; Severance, “Concerns and Coping Strategies.”

⁶⁹ Goffman, Erving, Stigma: Notes on the Management of a Spoiled Identity (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1963)Google Scholar; Kilty, “Resisting Confined Identities”; Maidment, Doing Time on the Outside.

⁷⁰ Richie, “Challenges Incarcerated Women Face”; Severance, “Concerns and Coping Strategies.”

⁷¹ Comack, Women in Trouble; Maidment, Doing Time on the Outside; Richie, “Challenges Incarcerated Women Face.”

⁷² Shaw, Release Study.

⁷³ Kilty, “Resisting Confined Identities.”

⁷⁴ Ibid.

⁷⁵ Chunn, Dorothy and Gavigan, Shelly, “From Welfare Fraud to Welfare as Fraud,” in Criminalizing Women: Gender and (In)Justice in Neo-liberal Times, ed. Balfour, Gillian and Elizabeth, Comack (Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing, 2006), 217Google Scholar.

⁷⁶ Comack, Women in Trouble; Maidment, Doing Time on the Outside.

⁷⁷ Hannah-Moffat, “Re-forming the Prison”; Kilty, “Resisting Confined Identities.”

⁷⁸ Maidment, Doing Time on the Outside.

⁷⁹ Hannah-Moffat, “Re-forming the Prison”; Pollack, “Dependency Discourse.”

⁸⁰ Eaton, Mary, Women After Prison (Philadelphia: Open University Press, 1993)Google Scholar.

⁸¹ Ibid.

⁸² Codd, “Older Women”; Faith, Unruly Women.

⁸³ Goffman, Stigma.

⁸⁴ TFFSW, Creating Choices.

⁸⁵ “Et lorsque l'on touche an réseau communautaire en santé mentale, ils ont des facteurs d'exclusions, à partir du moment qu'on leur dit que notre client est judiciarisée, qu'elle a des problèmes de santé mentale. ils veulent pas toucher à ça.”

⁸⁶ Comack, Women in Trouble; Cook, Sandy and Davies, Suzanne, eds., Harsh Punishment: International Experiences of Women's Imprisonment (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1999)Google Scholar; Eaton, Women After Prison; Maidment, Doing Time on the Outside.

⁸⁷ Comack, Women in Trouble; Maidment, Doing Time on the Outside; Richie, “Challenges Incarcerated Women Face”; Severance, “Concerns and Coping Strategies”; Shaw, Release Study; Wahidin, Older Women in the Criminal Justice System.

⁸⁸ Elizabeth Fry Societies are locally run Canadian not-for-profit organizations whose mandate is to assist women and girls in conflict with the law.

⁸⁹ Hannah-Moffat, “Re-forming the Prison”; Maidment, Doing Time on the Outside.

⁹⁰ Chunn and Gavigan, “From Welfare Fraud”; Codd, “Older Women”; Faith, Unruly Women; Kilty, “Resisting Confined Identities.”

⁹¹ Comack, Women in Trouble; Kilty, “Resisting Confined Identities”; Maidment, Doing Time on the Outside.

⁹² Severance, “Concerns and Coping Strategies.”

⁹³ Martel, “One Has to Be Somewhere.”

⁹⁴ Uggen et al., “Less Than the Average Citizen.”

⁹⁵ Ibid.; Richie, “Challenges Incarcerated Women Face”; Chunn and Gavigan, “From Welfare Fraud.”

⁹⁶ Kilty, “Resisting Confined Identities”; Pollack, “Dependency Discourse”; Snider, “Constituting the Punishable Woman.”

⁹⁷ Chunn and Gavigan, “From Welfare Fraud”; Richie, “Challenges Incarcerated Women Face.”

⁹⁸ CSC, Community Strategy.

⁹⁹ PSC, Corrections and Conditional Release.