¹ Kean, Thomas H.et al., The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of The National commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2004)Google Scholar.

² See, e.g., Monahan, Torin, Surveillance in the Time of Insecurity (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2010)Google Scholar; US Department of Homeland Security, “About the Directorate for Management,” (Washington, DC: Directorate for Management, 2011), http://www.dhs.gov/xabout/structure/ecfitorial_0096.shtmGoogle Scholar.

³ Monahan, Torin, “The Murky World of ‘Fusion Centres’,” Criminal Justice Matters 75, 1 (2009), 20–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rollins, John, “Fusion Centers: Issues and Options for Congress,” (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2008), http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL34070.pdfGoogle Scholar.

⁴ Latour, Bruno, Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987)Google Scholar.

⁵ All interviews were conducted in confidentiality, and the names of interviewees are withheld in accordance with our universities' ethics review board protocols.

⁶ See generally Monahan, Torin, “The Future of Security? Surveillance Operations at Homeland Security Fusion Centers,” Social Justice 37, 2-3 (2011)Google Scholar.

⁷ See, e.g., Guzik, Keith, “Discrimination by Design: Predictive Data Mining as Security Practice in the United States' ‘War on Terrorism’,” Surveillance & Society 7, 1 (2009)Google Scholar; also see Monahan, “The Future of Security?”

⁸ Hall, Mimi, “State-Run Sites Not Effective vs. Terror; Report Blasts Costly Intelligence Centers,” USA Today (07 24, 2007): 1AGoogle Scholar.

⁹ See generally Wood, David Murakami and Webster, C. William R., “The Normality of Living in Surveillance Societies,” Innovating Government 20, 3 (2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁰ Public Intelligence, “Drone Aircraft Are Patrolling U.S. Cities,” Public Intelligence, 04 26, 2010, http://publicintelligence.net/drone-aircraft-are-patrolling-u-s-cities/Google Scholar; also see Wall, Tyler and Monahan, Torin, “Surveillance and Violence from Afar: The Politics of Drones and Liminal Security-Scapes,” Theoretical Criminology 15, 3 (2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹¹ See Crimaldi, Laura, Boston Police Unveil New ‘Real Time’ Tech Center,” BostonHerald.com (03 2, 2010) http://news.bostonherald.com/news/regional/view/20100302boston_police_boast_early_success_with_new_real_time_technology_center/ (last accessed March 20, 2010)Google Scholar; see also Harris, Blake, “Chicago Fusion Center Gives Police New Criminal Investigation Tools,” Digital Communities (04 21, 2008), http://www.govtech.com/dc/261463Google Scholar.

¹² German, Mike and Stanley, Jay, “ACLU Fusion Center Update“ (07 2008), 2, http://www.aclu.org/pdfs/privacy/fusion_update_20080729.pdfGoogle Scholar.

¹³ See Brakel, Rosamunde van and Hert, Paul de, “Policing, Surveillance and Law in a Pre-Crime Society: Understanding the Consequences of Technology Based Strategies,” Journal of Police Studies 20, 3 (2011)Google Scholar.

¹⁴ i2 Group, “COPLINK&® Deployed to Boost Crime Solving and Anti-Terrorism Initiatives at the Chicago Police Department's Crime Center“ (10 3, 2007), http://www.i2group.com/news-article.asp?id=75Google Scholar.

¹⁵ New York State Intelligence Center, “New York State Law Enforcement Terrorism Indicators Reference Card“ (09 3, 2008), http://publicintelligence.net/new-york-state-law-enforcement-terrorism-indicators-reference-card/Google Scholar.

¹⁶ Savage, Charlie, “F.B.I. Agents Get Leeway to Push Privacy Bounds,” New York Times (06 12, 2011), http://www.nytimes.com/201l/06/13/us/13fbi.html?_r=18ml=todaysheadlines&emc=tha2Google Scholar.

¹⁷ Pariser, Eli, “How the Net Traps Us All In Our Own Little Bubbles,” The Guardian, 06 12, 2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/jun/12/google-personalisation-internet-data-filtering?cat=technology&type=articleGoogle Scholar.

¹⁸ See Citron, Danielle Keats and Pasquale, Frank, “Network Accountability for the Domestic Intelligence Apparatus,” Hastings Law Journal 62 (2011)Google Scholar.

¹⁹ Hylton, Hilary, “Fusion Centers: Giving Cops Too Much Information?“ Time.com, 03 9, 2009, http://www.time.com/time/nation/irticle/0,8599,1883101.OO.htmlGoogle Scholar.

²⁰ Citron and Pasquale, “Network Accountability for the Domestic Intelligence Apparatus.“

²¹ See German and Stanley, “ACLU Fusion Center Update“; also see Monahan, “The Future of Security?“

²² See Citron and Pasquale, “Network Accountability.“

²³ See, e.g., Associated Press, “NYPD Official: Muslim Spying by Secret Demographics Unit Generated No Leads, Terrorism Cases,” The Washington Post (08 21, 2012), http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/nypQ-official-muslim-spying-in-neighborhoods-led-to-no-leads-terror-cases-in-over-6-years/2012/08/21/e14d96f6-eb5b-llel-866f-60a00f604425_story.html (last accessed August 22, 2012)Google Scholar; Monahan, “The Future of Security?“; see also Newkirk, Anthony B., “The Rise of the Fusion-Intelligence Complex: A Critique of Political Surveillance after 9/11,” Surveillance & Society 8, 1 (2010)Google Scholar; The Nation, “Can Anyone Rein in the NYPD's Spies?“ The Nation, 03 7, 2012, http://www.thenation.com/article/166673/can-anyone-rein-nypds-spiesGoogle Scholar.

²⁴ See, e.g., Priscilla M. Regan and Torin Monahan, Beyond Counterterrorism: Data Sharing, Privacy, and Organizational Histories of DHS Fusion Centers, International Journal of E-Politics (forthcoming); Rollins, “Fusion Centers.“

²⁵ See generally Chin, Gabriel J. and Wells, Scott C., “The Blue Wall of Silence as Evidence of Bias and Motive to Lie: A New Approach to Police Perjury,” University of Pittsburgh Law Review 59 (1997)Google Scholar.

²⁶ See, e.g., German and Stanley, “ACLU Fusion Center Update“; Monahan, “The Future of Security?“; Newkirk, The Rise of the Fusion-Intelligence Complex.“

²⁷ Monahan, “The Future of Security?“

²⁸ See generally German and Stanley, “ACLU Fusion Center Update.“

²⁹ See, e.g., O'Harrow, Robert Jr., “Centers Tap Into Personal Databases; State Groups Were Formed After 9/11,” The Washington Post (04 2, 2008), A01Google Scholar; O'Harrow, Robert Jr., and Nakashima, Ellen, “National Dragnet Is a Click Away; Authorities to Gain Fast and Expansive Access to Records,” The Washington Post (03 6, 2008), A01Google Scholar.

³⁰ See generally Monahan, Torin and Palmer, Neal A., “The Emerging Politics of DHS Fusion Centers,” Security Dialogue 40, 6 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³¹ Geiger, Harley, “Fusion Centers Get New Privacy Orders via DHS Grants“ (12 15, 2009), http://www.cdt.org/blogs/harley-geiger/fusion-centers-get-new-privacy-orders-dhs-grantsGoogle Scholar.

³² Ibid.

³³ See, e.g., Citron and Pasquale, “Network Accountability“; Monahan, “The Future of Security?“