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Gender Equality and Legal Mobilization in the United Kingdom: Using Rights for Lobbying, Litigation, Defense, and Attack

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 June 2013

Susan Millns  and
Charlotte Skeet
Susan Millns
Affiliation:
School of Law, Politics and Sociology University of Sussex UK
Charlotte Skeet
Affiliation:
School of Law, Politics and Sociology University of Sussex UK
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Abstract

This article analyzes women’s contemporary use of rights to mobilize and pursue claims for gender equality and gender justice in the United Kingdom. Empirically, the paper explores the growth of rights discourse and activity against the backdrop of a stronger constitutionalization of women’s rights at national, European, and international levels. It does this through an exploration of individual and collective lobbying and litigation strategies in relation to violence against women. The paper first examines this in the context of the right to bodily integrity through examples of the ways in which sexual violence and domestic abuse are addressed within the criminal justice system. The paper then addresses the right to be free from violence for women seeking refuge and asylum. The research reveals the need for varied strategies that target all aspects of the legal and political systems in order to ameliorate the protection and implementation of women’s rights.

Résumé

Le présent article analyse l’utilisation contemporaine des droits des femmes pour se mobiliser et présenter des réclamations visant l’égalité entre les sexes et la justice sexospécifique au Royaume-Uni. Empiriquement, l’article explore la croissance du discours et des activités sur les droits dans le cadre d’une constitutionnalisation plus forte des droits des femmes aux niveaux national, européen et international. Pour ce faire, l’article explore des stratégies de lobbying et de procédures individuelles et collectives en relation avec la violence faite aux femmes. Il examine d’abord cela dans le contexte du droit à l’intégrité physique à l’aide d’exemples de moyens par lesquels la maltraitance sexuelle et la violence familiale sont réglées dans le système de justice pénale. L’article aborde ensuite le droit pour les femmes qui cherchent un refuge et un asile d’être à l’abri de la violence. L’étude révèle le besoin de diverses stratégies qui ciblent tous les aspects des systèmes judiciaire et politique afin d’améliorer la protection et la mise en œuvre des droits des femmes.

Keywords

genderequalityUnited Kingdomasylumsexual violencehuman rightsHuman Rights Act 1998genreégalitéRoyaume-Uniasileviolence sexuelledroits de l’hommeLoi sur les droits de la personne (1998)
Type
Articles
Information
Canadian Journal of Law and Society / La Revue Canadienne Droit et Société , Volume 28 , Special Issue 2: Gender Equality, Legal Mobilization, and Feminism in a Multilevel European System , August 2013 , pp. 169 - 188
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Law and Society Association / Association Canadienne Droit et Société 2013 

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References

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20 Age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, race, religion or belief, sex, sexual orientation.

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62 Women make up around 50 percent of refugee populations globally (figures from the Refugee Council UK: http://www.rcis.org.uk/asylum_process/women).

63 The figures for 2009 are 16,065 applications from men and 8,225 applications from women (Control of Immigration Statistics United Kingdom 2009; Supplementary tables, table 2 j: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk /publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/immigration-asylum-research/hosb1510/.

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76 Gender Issues in the Asylum Claim found on the UK Borders Agency website: http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/sitecontent/documents/policyandlaw/asylumpolicyinstructions/apis/genderissueintheasylum.pdf?view=Binary.

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80 Ibid., para. 45.

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82 House of Lords, Hansard Debates, 8 December 2005, cols. 844–868.

83 Ibid,, col. 855.

84 Ibid,, per Baroness Kennedy, col. 856.

85 Ibid., col. 857.

86 Fornah v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2006] UKHL.

87 Lord Bingham of Cornhill, para. 26.

88 Council Directive 2004/83/EC of 29 April 2004 on minimum standards for the qualification and status of third country nationals or stateless persons as refugees or as persons who otherwise need international protection and the content of the protection granted: http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32004L0083:EN:HTM.

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90 Black Women’s Rape Action Project and Women Against Rape, Misjudging Rape: Breaching Gender Guidelines and International Law in Asylum Appeals (London, 2006).

91 House of Lords, Hansard, Written Questions, 5 February 2007, col. WA93.

92 WAN 98 (December 2010): 2.

93 Soering v. United Kingdom (1989) 11EHRR 439; see the partly dissenting opinion of Judges Bratza, Bonello, and Hedigan in Mamatkulov and Askarov v. Turkey (2005) 41 EHRR 494.

94 [2001] EWCA Civ 1955, 19 December (Threat of domestic violence if returned to Jamaica).

95 [2002] EWCA Civ 314, 14 March (Threat of forced abduction and rape if returned to Albania).

96 [2002] EWCA Civ 952, 5 July (Threat of violence to homo-sexual men if returned to Zimbabwe, and loss of society of partner in the case of A).

97 It is accepted in ECtHR jurisprudence that where there is a real risk of FGM it would breach Article 3 to return.

98 [2008] UKHL 64.

99 EM (Lebanon) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2008] UKHL 64, para. 7, per Lord Hope of Craighead.

100 For instance in Collins and Akaziebie v. Sweden, Application no. 23944/05 (2007), the ECtHR found the claimant’s assertion that she had wrongly been refused leave to remain inadmissible. The ECtHR suggested that because the applicant was resourceful enough to get herself and her daughter to Switzerland, she was “strong enough” to protect them both from FGM if they were returned to Nigeria (at p. 14). A number of cases are currently pending. Izeubhai v. Ireland (no. 43408/08) and Amerado v. Austria (0969/10) concern appeals against return where there is threat of FGM, and N v. Sweden relates to an appeal against return by an Afghan woman who had been living in Sweden and having an extramarital affair with a Swedish man. She alleges fear of state- sanctioned domestic violence if returned. In relation to pending appeals, see ECHR press release: http://www.echr.coe.int/NR/rdonlyres/39C38938-2E29-4151-9280-D5AC063DD02E/0/FICHES_ Violence_femmes_EN.pdf.

101 Fornah [2006], per Lord Hope, at para. 35.

102 Claim no. HQ09X01333.

103 Article 3 ECHR is the right to be free from inhuman and degrading treatment and torture. Article 4 is the right to be free from slavery and servitude.

104 H. Wistrich and C. Kilroy, ELS v. Home Office Casenote: www.airecentre.org/.../Advannced_Immigration_-_ELS_v_Home_Office_Casenote.pdf.

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108 See Southall Black Sisters, The Two Year Rule Campaign, http;//www.southallblascksisters.org.uk/campaign_oneyearrule.html. (accessed May 2011).

109 Southall Black Sisters, Executive Summary of Proposed Amendments to Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Bill 2003—Report Stage, 4, 9, and 11 March 2004, House of Lords at p. 2.

110 S. Anitha, P. Chopra, W. Farouk, Q. Hag, and S. Khan, Forgotten Women: Domestic Violence, Poverty and South Asian Women with No Recourse to Public Funds, 2008 http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/ukpoverty/downloads/forgottenwomen.pdf.

111 R v. Birmingham City Council ex parte Clue [2010] EWCA Civ 390.

112 Some local authorities have established a network to share best practice. No Recourse to Public Funds Network, Social Services Support to People With No Recourse to Public Funds: A National Picture (March 2011): http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/CommunityandLiving /Pdf/equalitydocs/NRPF_national_picture_final.pdf.

113 Women’s Aid Joint Statement–One Year On: http://www.womensaid.org.uk/page.asp?section= 00010001001000020001

114 http://www.asylumaid.org.uk/data/files/charter.pdf.

115 Launched initially in June 2008 and then given a Parliamentary launch on 22 October 2008.

116 The Rights of Women Seeking Asylum: A Charter, 6.

117 Ibid.

118 Ibid.

119 http://www.asylumaid.org.uk/data/files/charter.pdf.

120 Asylum Aid, Charter of Rights of Women Seeking Asylum. Two Years On: Impacts and Actions (July 2010): http://www.asylumaid.org.uk/data/files/publications/133/WomensAsylumCharter2Yearson.pdf.

121 See Schneider, E. M., “The Dialectic of Rights and Politics: Perspectives From the Women’s Movement,” in Feminist Legal Theory: Readings in Law and Gender, eds. Bartlett, K. T. and Kennedy, R. (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991).Google Scholar

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