^1. 28 July 1951, 189 U.N.T.S. 137; 31 January 1967, 606 U.N.T.S. 267.

^2. E.g., with respect to the documentation centres specifically, during a personal interview (28 July 1995), a legal authority who authored a book on Canadian refugee determination in the 1980s referred to their introduction in Canada as “a major advancement.” See also Houle, F., “The Credibility and Authoritativeness of Documentary Information in Determining Refugee Status: The Canadian Experience” (1994) 6 International Journal of Refugee Law 6 at 30CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rusu, S., “The Development of Canada's Immigration and Refugee Board Documentation Centre” (1989) 1 International Journal of Refugee Law 319 at 320CrossRefGoogle Scholar [hereinafter “The Development”].

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^6. Ibid.

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^28. Ibid. at 53.

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^34. The Immigration and Population Study, supra note 31 at 116; Nash, ibid. at 39–43.

^35. The Immigration and Population Study, ibid. at 41.

^36. Ibid. at 42.

^37. Gilad, supra note 30 at 320–21.

^38. Goodwyn-Gil, G., “Determining Refugee Status in Canada” (1987) Refugees 27 at 27–28.Google Scholar

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^50. The resources and processing times of the queue vary considerably with generally more visa officers and shorter processing times in Western regions. See Canadian Council for Refugees, Refugee Family Reunification (Montreal: CCR, 1995) at 30.Google Scholar

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^52. See Stenson, K. “Community Policing as a Governmental Technology” (1993) 22 Economy and Society 373 at 375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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^55. Employment and Immigration Canada, The Refugee Status Determination Process: A Report of the Task Force on immigration Practices and Procedures by Robinson, W. (Ottawa: Ministry of Supply and Services, 1981).Google Scholar

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^57. (1982) 1 Refuge 4.

^58. Ministry of Employment and Immigration, A New Refugee Status Determination Process for Canada, by Ratushny, E. (Ottawa: Ministry of Supply and Services, 1984) at 9Google Scholar; Plaut, supra note 42 at 45–46.

^59. Robinson, supra note 55 at 26.

^60. Houle, supra note 2 at 21n.

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^64. Ratushny, supra note 58 at 10–11.

^65. Ibid. at 10.

^66. Plaut, supra note 42 at 60–143.

^67. As refugee-hearing officers representing the case against the claimant were foreseen being selected from the Department of Immigration and then seconded to the refugee board for a minimum of three years, determination was not imagined to be entirely independent of the influence of formal political authorities.

^68. Singh, supra note 4.

^69. Mandel, supra note 3 at 241.

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^71. International Refugee Pressures, supra note 33 at 48.

^72. Controversy and Complexity, supra note 49 at 88.

^73. Creese, supra note 7 at 133.

^74. Ibid.,

^75. Ibid. at 13.

^76. Ibid. at 21–22, 24; Jackman, supra note 70 at 323.

^77. Mandel, supra note 3 at 246; Controversy and Complexity, supra note 49 at 90.

^78. Compare Mandel, ibid. at 248; Creese, supra note 7 at 129; Basok, supra note 8 at 150.

^79. See Creese, ibid. at 135; Controversy and Complexity, supra note 49 at 87–88. By the mid-1980s several provinces provided welfare to claimants while they awaited determination of their claims. Claimants were not granted work permits until May 1986 when the ‘B-1’ list was first established. Work permits ceased being issued a few months later in February 1987 and began again 1993.

^80. Compare Simon, J., “In the Place of the Parent: Risk Management and the Government of Campus Life” (1994) 3 Social and Legal Studies 15 at 17CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ashenden, supra note 19.

^81. Creese, ibid. at 124; Basok, supra note 8.

^82. Controversy and Complexity, supra note 49 at 82.

^83. Jackman, supra note 70 at 322.

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^85. Canada, Refugee Affairs Division Policy and Program Development Branch, Refugee Perspectives: 1986–1987 (Ottawa: Employment and Immigration Canada, 1986) at 50Google Scholar [hereinafter Refugee Perspectives].

^86. Ibid. at 51.

^87. E.g., ibid. at 50–51.

^88. Ibid. This was the standard ‘magnet effect’ argument promulgated by senior Department of Immigration officials who, from the outset, resisted establishment of inland refugee determination. See Hathaway, supra note 46.

^89. Refugee Perspectives, supra note 85 at 50.

^90. International Refugee Pressures, supra note 33 at 51.

^91. Refugee Perspectives, supra note 85 at 51.

^92. International Refugee Pressures, supra note 33 at 51.

^93. Canada, Release, “Ministers Act to Curb Refugee Claims Abuse” (February 1987) at 1.

^94. Ibid. at 1–3.

^95. Ibid. [emphasis in original].

^96. Bill C-55, An Act to amend the Immigration Act, 1976, House of Commons, First reading 5 May 1987.

^97. Controversy and Complexity, supra note 49 at 95–96; Refugee and Humanitarian Immigration to Canada, supra note 84.

^98. In the first stage, eligibility was to be determined. In the second stage, credibility was to be decided following an oral hearing. If rejected at this point, the claimant could then appeal to the Federal Court. See Controversy and Complexity, supra note 49 at 90.

^99. Hathaway, supra note 46 at 82.

^100. Though RSAC had a small research unit, the emphasis on the need for formal knowledge was first highlighted in the Plaut Report. Both the new and older determination processes were, of course, dependent on informal knowledge generated by, and disseminated among, participants. For example, legal professionals tell one another about which IRB members are likely to prefer certain kinds of evidence, decide in favour of claimants from certain nations over others, and so on. Interview (18 August 1995) Vancouver.

^101. Controversy and Complexity, supra note 49 at 90.

^102. Bill C-84, An Act to amend the Immigration Act, 1976, House of Commons, First Reading 11 August 1987.

^103. Provisions for carrier sanctions were present in the 1976 Immigration Act, but penalties were significantly increased in Bill C-84. In practice, since passage of Bill C-84, several airlines have been fined for persons brought to Canada without proper documentation. See “Immigration Checks Yield $5.5 Million in Airline Fines” (21 February 1997) The Vancouver Sun A1.

^104. Hathaway, supra note 46 at 81; Mandel, supra note 3 at 254.

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^106. Mandel, supra note 3 at 254; Hathaway, supra note 46 at 90n.

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^108. Canada, Employment and Immigration, Refugee Affairs Branch, “Canada's Refugee Policy” (1992) 1 Dialogue 1.Google Scholar

^109. Ibid. at 1 [emphasis added].

^110. “Plan to Ship Claimants Back to China Confirmed” The Vancouver Sun (25 March 1994) A4.

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^120. Ibid. at 10.

^121. Ibid. at 9.

^122. Plaut, supra note 42 at 70–71 [emphasis in original].

^123. Canada, Immigration and Refugee Board, The Documentation Centre: What it is and How it Works (Ottawa: Ministry of Supply and Services, 1995) at 3 [hereinafter Documentation Centre].Google Scholar

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^130. E.g., Canada, Immigration and Refugee Board, Somalia: Chronology of Events: June 1994-April 1995 (Ottawa: Documentation, Information and Research Branch, 1995)Google Scholar.

^131. Supra note 125.

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^135. Ibid.

^136. Canada, Immigration and Refugee Board, Reflex: User Documentation (Ottawa: Legal Services, 1992).Google Scholar

^137. Supra note 133.

^138. Ibid.

^139. Taken together, the centre's databases are similar to a “panoptie sort,” but they differ in that their targets are almost exclusively national actors, populations, and categories of persecution outside the West, rather than the personal information of individual consumers within. See Gandy, O., The Panoptic Sort: A Political Economy of Personal Information (Oxford: Westview, 1993) at 13.Google Scholar

^140. Supra note 126.

^141. Aitchison, J., The International Thesaurus of Refugee Terminology (Boston: M. Nijhoff, 1989) at i.Google Scholar

^142. Ibid. at ii.

^143. Ibid.

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^146. Supra note 125; “The Development,” supra note 2 at 329.

^147. Supra note 125.

^148. Ibid.

^149. The Documentation Centre, supra note 123 at 200–01.

^150. E.g., Hathaway, supra note 46 at 10.

^151. Foucault, supra note 124 at 201.

^152. Ibid. at 203.

^153. This is accomplished through surveillance of visitors, by way of the visitor log, the ‘requests for information’, and direct observation by technicians who work inside.

^154. Supra note 125; LRCC, supra note 129 at 69.

^155. Supra note 125.

^156. LRCC, supra note 129; Supra note 133.

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