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44. See Tomkins, supra note 34 at ch 4.

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51. 494 US 872 (1990).

52. Ibid.

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56. Pettit insists that a broad range of activities and choices, but not “any old choices”, must be protected by the basic liberties; they “need resources and protection in a range of choice where all can operate at once without getting in another’s way…. [this is] the domain of the fundamental liberties.” Ibid.

57. Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 1982, Article 1.

58. The first amendment provides: “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.”

59. Heaney v Ireland [1994] 3 IR 593; Cox v Ireland 14 [1992] 2 IR 503.

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69. Ibid.

70. Ibid at 729 [emphasis added].

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77. Norris v Attorney General [1984] IR 36.

78. [1984] IR 36 at 69 [emphasis added].

79. East Donegal Co-Operative Ltd v Att Gen [1970] IR 317 at 338 [emphasis added].

80. See Northeastern Fla. Chapter of the Associated Gen. Contractors of Am. v City of Jacksonville, 508 US 656, 662-63 (1993); (quoting Lujan v Defenders of Wildlife, 504 US 555, 560 (1992); Simon v Eastern Ky Welfare Rights Org, 426 US 26, 41-42 (1976); Allen v Wright, 468 US 737, 752 (1984), all cited in Adler, supra note 63. See also Sunstein, Cass, ‘What’s Standing after Lujan? Of Citizen Suits, ‘‘Injuries,’’ and Article III’ (1992) 91 Mich L Rev 163.Google Scholar

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82. See, e.g., the Irish case Crotty v An Taoiseach [1987] IR 713.

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84. Pildes, supra note 65.

85. Ibid at 730.

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88. See Irish cases King v Attorney General [1981] IR 233; Douglas v Director of Public Prosecutions [2013] IEHC 3.

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93. As a consequentialist, Pettit assumes non-domination is a value to be maximized. Philip Pettit, “The Consequentialist can Recognise Rights” (1998) 35 Phil Quarterly 537.

94. Pettit, supra note 1 at 54, 64, [emphasis added]. He continues at page 54: “what is required for non-arbitrary state power … is that the power be exercised in a way that tracks, not the power-holder’s worldview, but rather the welfare and world-view of the public … the acts of interference perpetrated by the state must be triggered by the shared interests of those affected under an interpretation of what those interests require that is shared, at least at the procedural level, by those affected.”

95. Ibid at 56.

96. Ibid at 56.

97. Ibid at 55.

98. Ibid at 55.

99. See the limiting provisos in Articles 8-11 of the European Convention on Human Rights. See also DPP v Fagan [1994] 2 IR 265; Howard v Commissioners of Public Works [1994] 1 IR 101. Articulating a more general principle of legality, Justice Kearns stated: “every executive or administrative act which affects legal rights, interests or legitimate expectations must be legally justified.” Browne v Attorney General [2002] IEHC 47.

100. Heaney v Ireland [1994] 3 IR 593.

101. Malone v United Kingdom (App. 8691/79), 2 August 1984, (1985) EHRR 14.

102. Pettit, supra note 1 at 54.

103. In the UK, see Paul Craig, Administrative Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012) at ch 12, 14, 15. In Ireland, see David Gwynn Morgan, Hogan and Morgan’s Administrative Law (Dublin: Round Hall, 2010) at ch 12-15. In some jurisdictions, the procedural rights associated with natural justice have been elevated to constitutional status, meaning they cannot be overridden by parliamentary legislation. In Ireland, see McDonald v Bord na gCon [1965] IR 217.

104. Pettit, supra note 1 at 58.

105. On the distinction between procedural and substantive understandings of arbitrariness, see Lovett, supra note 89.

106. Pettit, supra note 1 at 63.

107. The “constitutional” status of the right to judicial review varies across different common-law jurisdictions. While its “constitutional” status is obviously most ephemeral in the United Kingdom, the right to judicial review of administrative action is implicit in Article 34 of the Irish Constitution of 1937, while Article 24 of the Canadian Charter Rights and Freedoms guarantees the right to apply to a court for a remedy for infringement of Charter rights. Article 6 of the ECHR guarantees a “fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law”.

108. Pettit, supra note 11 at 87.

109. See, e.g., Daly, Eoin & Hickey, Tom, “Religious Freedom and the ‘Right to Discriminate’ in the School Admissions Context: A Neo-Republican Critique” (2011) 31 LS 615.Google Scholar

110. Article 40.1, Constitution of Ireland, 1937.

111. See, e.g., Murtagh Properties v Cleary [1972] IR 330.

112. See, e.g., the Irish case Schlegel v Corcoran and Gross [1942] IR 19.

113. McGrath and Ó Ruairc v Trustees of Maynooth College [1979] ILRM 166.

114. Re Article 26 and the Employment Equality Bill 1996 [1997] 3 IR 321, 360.

115. In Ireland, the Equal Status Act 2000 while prohibiting discrimination on religious grounds in the provision of goods and services, exempts “educational establishments”, “whether or not supported by public funds”, where “the objective of the school is to provide education in an environment which promotes certain religious values”. See sections 7 (1) and 7 (2). See similarly section 37 of the Employment Equality Act 1998. See Daly & Hickey, supra note 109.

116. Hurley v Irish American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston, 515 US 557 (1995); Boy Scouts of America v Dale, 530 US 640 (2000). However, see also Bob Jones University v United States, 461 US 574 (1983). In relation to religious freedom as distinct from freedom of association, see Bruce Bagni, “Discrimination in the Name of the Lord: A Critical Evaluation of Discrimination by Religious Organisations” (1979) 79 Colum L Rev 1514.

117. Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School v EEOC, 565 US (2012).

118. See Daly & Hickey, supra note 109.

119. Ibid.