¹ The American economic historian, Guy S. Callender, however, devoted considerable attention to the importance of international and interregional trade in staples in the United States, an aspect of American growth which has been much neglected but has recently been revived by Douglass C. North. See Callender, , Selections from the Economic History of the United States, 1765-1860 (Boston, 1909)Google Scholar, and North, , The Economic Growth of the United States, 1790-1860 (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1961).Google Scholar

² See his The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History (Toronto, 1930; 2nd ed., 1956)Google Scholar; The Cod Fisheries: The History of an International Economy (Toronto, 1940; 2nd ed., 1954).Google Scholar For a collection of his writings in the Canadian field, see Essays in Canadian Economic History (Toronto, 1957).Google Scholar For a complete bibliography of his writings, see Jane Ward, this Journal, XIX, May, 1953, 236–44.

³ W. A. Mackintosh is sometimes given credit as a co-founder of the staple theory; see his “Economic Factors in Canadian History,” Canadian Historical Review, IV, 03, 1923, 12–25 Google Scholar, and “Some Aspects of a Pioneer Economy,” this Journal, II, 11, 1936, 457–63.Google Scholar

⁴ This point has often been noted; see, for example, Caves, Richard E. and Holton, Richard H., The Canadian Economy: Prospect and Retrospect (Cambridge, Mass., 1959), 30 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Easterbrook, W. T., “Problems in the Relationship of Communication and Economic History,” Journal of Economic History, XX, 12, 1960, 563.Google Scholar

⁵ Kenneth Buckley makes this point strongly; see his “The Role of Staple Industries in Canada's Economic Development,” Journal of Economic History, XVIII, 12, 1958, 442.Google Scholar

⁶ For its use in communications study–where, following the later Innis, the media become the resource or staple–see McLuhan, Marshall, “Effects of the Improvements of Communication Media,” Journal of Economic History, XX, 12, 1960, 566–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and The Gutenberg Galaxy (Toronto, 1962), particularly 164–6.Google Scholar

⁷ “The Role of Staple Industries,” 444, 445.

⁸ Fowke, , The National Policy and the Wheat Economy (Toronto, 1957), chap. 2.Google Scholar

⁹ Easterbrook, , “Trends in Canadian Economic Thought,” South Atlantic Quarterly, LVIII, Winter, 1959, 91–107 Google Scholar; and “Recent Contributions to Economic History: Canada,” Journal of Economic History, XIX, 03, 1959, 76–102.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Aitken, , “The Changing Structure of the Canadian Economy” in Aitken, et al., The American Economic Impact on Canada (Durham, N.C., 1959)Google Scholar, and American Capital and Canadian Resources (Cambridge, Mass., 1961).Google Scholar

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¹² American Capital and Canadian Resources, 74.

¹³ North, , “Location Theory and Regional Economic Growth,” Journal of Political Economy, LXII, 06, 1955, 243–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar; “International Capital Flows and the Development of the American West,” Journal of Economic History, XVI, 12, 1956, 493–505 Google Scholar; “A Note on Professor Rostow's ‘Take-off’ into Self-sustained Growth,” Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, XXVI, 01, 1958, 68–75 Google Scholar; “Agriculture and Regional Economic Growth,” Journal of Farm Economics, XLI, 12, 1959, 943–51Google Scholar; The Economic Growth of the United States, 1790-1860.

¹⁴ Caves and Holton, The Canadian Economy, Part I.

¹⁵ Baldwin, , “Patterns of Development in Newly Settled Regions,” Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, XXIV, 05, 1956, 161–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁶ Levin, , The Export Economies: Their Pattern of Development in Historical Perspective (Cambridge, Mass., 1960).Google Scholar

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¹⁸ Perloff, and Wingo, , “Natural Resource Endowment and Regional Economic Growth” in Spengler, Joseph J., ed., Natural Resources and Economic Growth (Washington, 1961), 191–212 Google Scholar; this article draws on Perloff, Harvey S., Dunn, Edgar S. Jr., Lampard, Eric E., and Muth, Richard F., Regions, Resources and Economic Growth (Baltimore, 1960).Google Scholar

¹⁹ Both features are recognized by Rostow, W. W. in The United States in the World Arena (New York, 1960), 6 Google Scholar; the first is also cited by Hoselitz, Bert F., “Patterns of Economic Growth,” this Journal, XXI, 11, 1955, 416–31.Google Scholar

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²³ Note the Canadian mineral discoveries consequent on railway building and hence linked ultimately to the development of the western wheat economy.

²⁴ On external diseconomies generated by an expanding sector when factor supplies are inelastic, see Fleming, Marcus, “External Economies and the Doctrine of Balanced Growth,” Economic Journal, LXV, 06, 1955, 241–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar On the character of export-led booms in Canada, see the literature cited in n. 17.

²⁵ Rostow, , The Stages of Economic Growth (Cambridge, 1960), 36.Google Scholar

²⁶ North, after appeal to the American case, reaches a similar conclusion.

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³⁹ Lewis, , The Theory of Economic Growth, 348.Google Scholar

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