The genus Placosaris Meyrick, type-species P. leucula Meyrick, Sangir, is redescribed. Xanthelectria Meyrick, type-species X. beatrix Meyrick of Java, is sunk as a subjective synonym of Placosaris. The following additional named species are referred to the genus as new combinations: Pyrausta cricophora West, Philippine Is.; Pyr. homoeides West, Philippine Is.; Pyr. triticalis Kenrick, New Guinea; Botys egerialis Snellen, Java, with Xanthelectria beatrix Meyrick as a new subjective synonym; Botys turiusalis Walker, Sarawak, with subjective synonyms B. eriggusalis Walker, Sarawak, B. broesialis Walker, Sarawak, and B. miniatalis Swinhoe, Sumatra; Opsibotys coorumba Hampson, Pyrausta auranticilialis Caradja, Canton; Pyr. subfuscalis Car.; Pachyzancla callistalis Hampson, Assam; Ebulea ochripunctalis Warren, Khasia Hills; Pachyzancla ustulalis Hampson, Ceylon; Ebulea intensalis Swinhoe, Khasia Hills; Psara tiawannalis Shibuya, Taiwan; Ps. intensalis rubellalis Caradja, Lienping, China; this last is considered specifically distinct from Placosaris intensalis. The following new species of Placosaris are described: P. steelei, Burma; P. swanni, Burma; P. lindgreni, Nagrispur; P. dohertyi, Assam; P. arjunoalis, Java and Bali; P. udealis, Assam; P. bornealis, Sarawak and Borneo; P. perakalis, Perak; P. apoialis, Mindanao; P. galogalis, Mindanao. Although the new species are mostly extralimital to Temperate East Asia, they are mostly related to Chinese species.

Aphalara steironemicola is described and illustrated. Its only known host is Steironema ciliatum Linnaeus (Primulaceae).

Individuals of Psyllaephagus richardsi n. sp., related to P. arbuticola Gahan and Waterston, are described. Specimens were reared from nymphs of Aphalara steironemicola Richards n. sp., described previously, collected from Steironema ciliatum (L.) (Primulaceae) at Constance Bay, Ont., Canada.

A study of sampling variation in field populations of the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), on cabbage in Ontario, revealed that inter-plant and block differences were rarely significant. For the immature stages, the most appropriate sample unit was the plant root together with a 4- to 6-in. diameter core of soil. The number of samples required was inversely proportional to population density; this relationship was graphed for three levels of sampling precision.The insect is bivoltine in eastern Ontario but has three generations in the southwestern part of the province.

Basilia astochia new species is described from Colombia, from Vampyrops helleri Peters. It is closely related to B. ferrisi Sch. Stekh. and B. speiseri (Mir. Ribeiro) from which it differs in details of the shape and chaetotaxy of the legs, tergal plates, and sternites. These three species probably form a very closely linked "Artenkreis" occurring from Guatemala to Brazil, Paraguay, and Peru.

When given a choice of large, unparasitised sixth-instar larvae of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana, and small sixth instars containing developing Orgilus obscurator, Hyssopus thymus selected the former. This discrimination does not exist when the host larvae are in the third or fourth instars. The size of the contained O. obscurator larva is related to this change in behaviour. H. thymus shows no cleptoparasitic tendencies and is recommended as a safe candidate for introduction where O. obscurator exists.

Campoletis pyralidis, a new species of ichneumon fly parasite on several species of Pyralidae in Canada, is described.

Blissus canadensis sp. nov. is described from Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Montana. It has reached high numbers on barley in Alberta and is a potential pest. It closely resembles Blissus occiduus Barber, and reports of B. occiduus in Canada most likely refer to B. canadensis.

Larvae of the eastern hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guen.), are susceptible to a nuclear polyhedrosis virus as well as nuclear polyhedrosis viruses isolated from the western hemlock looper, L. f. lugubrosa (Hulst), and the western oak looper, L. f. somniaria (Hulst). The pathogenicity of these viruses was similar when tested on eastern hemlock looper larvae and it is suggested that the same virus infects the three subspecies. Resistance to the virus did not increase with age; second-, third-, and fourth-instar larvae were equally susceptible. The period from ingestion to death varied with concentration of virus and rearing temperature. Results of pathogenicity tests are given.

Agrypon is distinguished from other genera and is discussed in relation to Trichonotus. A new species is described, and A. alaskensis Ashmead is synonymized with A. provancheri (Dalla Torre).

A new species of Egnatioides (Orthoptera: Acrididae) is described, E. lizae, from Paktia Province, Afghanistan.

Notes on the biology and habits of 12 parasitic insects associated with Eucosma rescissoriana Heinrich in western white pine, Pinus monticola Douglas, cones in northern Idaho are presented. Descriptive notes on the immature stages of three important parasite species. Chelonus petrovae McComb (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Apanteles starki Mason (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and Psalidopteryx psilocorsiphaga Brooks (Diptera: Tachinidae) also are included. Correlations between the life stages of these three parasite species are made with phenological events in the host tree and associated plants at two of the four study plots.

A gelatine-based diet for rearing the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meigen), that contains sucrose, evaporated milk, yeast hydrolysate, wheat embryo, cellulose powder, n-propyl disulfide, water, and antibiotics is described. Three consecutive generations reared on this medium were equal in puparial weights, percentages of pupation, adult emergence, and egg hatch, to those reared on onion bulbs. The procedure is simple and two man-hours per week is sufficient for producing 1000 maggots daily.

A lectotype is designated for Lonchaea zetterstedti Becker, a holarctic species whose larvae sometimes attack bark beetles and cerambycids in conifers. The taxonomy and nomenclature of this species is clarified, its distribution and biology is discussed, and a key is provided for identification of it and its relatives.

A suspected chemical means of habitat selection by Diaeretiella rapae, a primary parasite of aphids on crucifer plants, was investigated in the laboratory with the aid of an olfactometer. Females (and, to a lesser extent, males) were found to be attracted by odor to leaves and leaf juices of a crucifer host plant and to dilute solutions of the mustard oil allyl isothiocyanate. Given a choice of aphid colonies (Myzus persicae) on leaves of beet (Chenopodiaceae — mustard oils not present) and collard (Cruciferae — mustard oils present), female D. rapae displayed a marked preference to oviposit in aphids feeding on collard. It is concluded that female D. rapae parasites locate their hosts initially by a response to an odor emanating from the aphid host-plant, followed by visual searching. Male D. rapae were attracted by odor from female D. rapae, suggesting the existence of a sex pheromone in this species.Neither males nor females of Charips brassicae, a hyperparasite of D. rapae, were attracted to collard leaves, though females showed apparent attraction to female D. rapae. As with D. rapae, males of C. brassicae are attracted by odor to females of the same species.The host finding behavior of D. rapae is discussed in relation to that of other insect species belonging to the fauna associated with the plant family Cruciferae.

The role of exuvial holdfast tubercles located on the tenth abdominal segment of pendant rhopalocerous pupae in relation to cremaster withdrawal is described for the first time. Four phases, leading to the final exposure of the exarate pupa, are outlined together with an explanation accounting for pupal gyrations in discharging the larval exuviae after cremaster fixation.

The proposed new subfamily Himalocynipinae based on Himalocynips vigintilis n. gen., n. sp., from Nepal, is described and illustrated. Several unique characters of Himalocynipinae are discussed.

Eighteen sexual mosaics of S. arcticum including 16 distinct gynandromorphs and 2 apparent intersexes are described. These were discovered among 41,615 normal females from Athabasca, Alberta. Male and female terminalia are compared in four specimens possessing duplicates. Four specimens including two presumed intersexes and two which appeared to be normal males were parasitized with mermithid larvae.

The effect of treatment with juvenile hormone and five of its analogs on embryonic development of the spruce budworm was studied. All compounds were applied topically in acetone solution to budworm egg masses, and all were found to have ovicidal activity. Most active was the dichloro analog, which required a minimum dosage of 50 μg per egg mass to ensure embryonic death in all the treated eggs. A similar result was found for juvenile hormone, while juvabione, ethyl-aromatic terpenoid ether, and farnesyl methyl ether required a dosage of 100 μg per egg mass to achieve this result. At this latter dosage level, 6% of the eggs treated with methyl aromatic terpenoid ether hatched.

Pandemis cerasana (Hubner), a common leaf roller of deciduous trees in northern Eurasia, was found in North America for the first time at Victoria, B.C., in 1964. No other recovery points have been reported. The insect feeds on a variety of broad-leaf trees and shrubs but seems most attracted to Garry oak, and has caused sporadic defoliation. This illustrated study presents descriptions of the adult and life history in more detail than heretofore available, as well as initial descriptions of the immature stages and their habits, with discussion on local population changes. Parasitism and disease was negligible.